Emerson’s Essay On Heroism Essay

The first and most significant implicit question in this command is by what standards Emerson is judging a milland whether it even matters, as he seems to be saying that a adept is a hero despite anything else. This assertion is false, however, because there is inevitably, non only in the actions of heroes but also in those of antiheroes, an element of website and circumstance that either augments or diminishes their capacity for good.In 1984 by George Orwell, genius Winston Smith is, from what the reader can tell, the only individual (with the exception of his compatriot Julia) in his Big Brother society who sees anything wrong with the tactics employed by the government and, subsequently, who attempts to do anything to protest. This al angiotensin converting enzyme could constitute a reasonable description of a hero in an evil culture, he is the only one fighting for good, but he continues nonetheless.For the majority of the novel, Winston is certainly a hero as he fights t he system at the end, however, he is defeated, brainwashed and win over that he loves Big Brother. Is he any less of a hero because a hopelessly corrupt and evil institution managed to break his spunk? The answer may not necessarily be yes, but the promontory is that it is a point of debate, and casts enough doubt upon the validity of the original statement to warrant further examination.The idea of a hero can adopt so many characteristics, and to avoid playing the semantics game one moldiness assign only a few, perhaps the possession of morality or of great leadership. History is full of persons, however, which could have been heroes under different mountain but simply drew the short end of the stick or inadvertently used their talents for malevolence. It is an old axiom that no villain thinks of himself as a villain, and this is proved by the actions of Hitler and Mussolini, Axis leaders during World fight II. Both were skilled politicians, leaders, and propagandists, and in these respects were no different than Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill, the allied directors who are customarily acknowledged as heroes by the general public. Conversely, everyone knows quite a little who are intrinsically good but are not recognized as heroes, simply because they have yet to encounter a view to bring out their morality and goodness.The vague abstractions of the term hero and the fact that Emerson does not include a definition with his claim, makes its disproving an easy task perhaps if he had been more explicit it would be not only more embarrassing to contradict him but also more simple to identify who is a hero in our society and who is not.

Emily Bronte’s “Wuthering Heights” Essay

The story of Heathcliff, the sadistic protagonist of Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights is so upset that Edgar Linton does not want his lovely female child, Cathy, to hear it. Heathcliff and Cathy, cardinal heavy(a) characters in the novel, interact in the second half of the novel. Heathcliffs passages recrudesce that the tortured character comes about from a childhood without the care of parents (33) man Cathys goodness (164) reflects her be raised by a lovable father. The different supervision each character experienced while ripening up is reflected by their behavior, showing that nurture is a greater fixings everyplace ones personality than nature.Beginning her description of Heathcliff with the baseborn word degradation, Nelly, the narrator, tells Lockwood how Heathcliff and Catherine (the niggle of Cathy) grow more reckless daily without parental guidance. Nelly recalls these events right before Catherine is injured and stays at Thrushcross Grange for fiver weeks. Ne lly also said that Heathcliff and Catherine promised to grow up rude as savages. The punishments the two received from Joseph and the Curate, Nelly notes, havent helped her increase the small power she holds everywhere the two, due to the lack of parental guidance. It is also important to note some(a) of the auspicate that occurs here Heathcliffs return alone in the pelting foreshadows his demise. His lack of respect for the church also symbolizes his lack of will and afterward on immense greediness. Brontes genius shines throughout this passage, concoctioning savagery, love, symbolism, and foreshadowing all in one page.Nellys description of Cathy is spoken on a very positive note, including many of the same devices seen in Heathcliffs passage. She says that Cathy has not seen or even heard of any bad full treatment except for her slight acts of noncompliance, and that Cathy is amazed at the blackness of gist of Heathcliff. Nelly describes Cathy as a sheltered, gentle, book-l oving young daughter of Edgar. In addition, Cathy is said to be extremely well mannered within this section.Edgar tries to protect his daughter from having to hunch forward about an evil soul such as Heathcliff, attempting to prevent the cattish external force from corrupting her personality. The passage even contains Cathy crying over the miseries of someone she has only met twice so far. She also has a passably convincing argument as to why she should meet Lintonagain, foreshadowing her disobedience of her father by going to meet Linton, her only companion outside of Thrushcross Grange. This disobedience will be the main eventor in her afterlife encounters with Heathcliff.Cathys extreme kindness and Heathcliffs great roughness logical argument very well. Heathcliffs description shows him as a wild, undisciplined macrocosm. Cathy, on the other hand, is portrayed as a very nice, helpful daughter and a devoted friend to Linton. Heathcliffs lack of education (Catherine being h is only educator) also differs from Cathys lessons for a couple of hours that she has. Heathcliffs curse to grow up as rude as a savage is far from Cathys melancholy over not being able to meet Linton again. on that point is not much that is similar between the two characters, due to twain of them being on opposite ends of the spectrum. This lack of similarities is what makes these two characters interesting to attend throughout the novel.The language in these passages is quite interesting. Nelly uses much harsher language in the passage with Heathcliff than the passage with Cathy, representing the behavior of the two characters. The paces of the narratives also differs, with Heathcliffs being a more intense rate than Cathys, also due to their severalise actions. Another interesting thing to note is the use of the word naughty. both(prenominal) passages employ this word, showing a mild form of being disobedient, which placenot be explained by any other means other than just say that the both have the same author and narrator Emily Bronte and Nelly Dean, respectively. Also, as seen throughout the book, an unusal amount of referrals to doors are present, most likely to show frames within the border narrative. Studying these two passages against each other brings one to a deeper nub than reading each one separately.Nellys descriptions of Heathcliff and Cathy shows that nurture predominates over nature. Cathy, the mix between the peaceful Edgar Linton and the wild Catherine Earnshaw, shows only her positive traits, due to the fact that she was brought up by Edgar alone. Heathcliff, an orphan brought home by Mr. Earnshaw, has had his good qualities mellow through a process which Nelly calls degradation because he was raised up with Hindley, who constantly thought of Heathcliff as an other.These two characters are sodramatically different, even though they were both blessed with good looks and intelligence. One business leader argue, however, that becaus e Bronte does not give the origins of Heathcliff, he might be born of a family with a tendency to be selfish and greedy. This idea can be countered, though, because Heathcliff was said to have bore his degradation pretty well at first, a quality that not many natural tyrants can boast of. Also, the fact that Cathy is the daughter of Catherine and yet shows few of the violent characteristics of her mother tells us that genes play no, or very little, role in how she behaves.

Clashes of Race Essay

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to research racial inconsistency and discrimination at heart America. It was overly a goal to present the relationships between racial clashes throughout history, and what the purpose poop the clashes was. By demonstrate these clashes night club gets a better envision of what triggers these action within society. tally Header CLASHES OF RACE collar THE determinationIn the or else mingled world in which society d thoroughlys on, society lacks appreciation for the simplicity of the universe. ane act or whim can spawn certain events that light upon the course of history. to run into history, it is necessary for society to look at the causes behind the significance of an event. racial discrimination has spawned kindly clashes between ethnicities for gen durationtions, and it cut throughs to do so. to understand the significance of these events, it is all- key(a) to analyze the source of these racial clashes throughout history. a nalyzing the sources of these events provides, if any, patterns of gentleman nature in response to mistreatment due to racial profiling. it is also essential to analyze the basic linguistic rules of discrimination within the twenty-first century and what society faces in present day. before analyzing racial discrimination in the twenty-first century, the importance of understanding the different types of racial discrimination is needed.There be two types of discrimination that society faces present day, head discrimination and in depend discrimination. take discrimination by definition, is when an exclusive or group is singled out without delay by society or an individual based on in that location race. indirect discrimination is when an individual is singled out surreptitiously by an individual or group. this is more(prenominal) usual within present day culture, compared to direct discrimination. the reason being that racism in the twenty-first century is little accept able among society. the result of racism is that it is less acceptable within mod day society is racism taking on a more enigmatic face.Running Header CLASHES OF RACE accord THE invention hearty clashes that resulted from direct discrimination have been apart of america for decades. prime examples of direct discrimination are famously the wars and massacres enacted on archaean native americans. The reasons for these attacks on native americans were due to new settlers in america wanting to demand resources from the natives themselves. the colonists believed that the natives way of manner was inferior to their own, due to the barbarity of their own human nature.This is a prime example of micro-aggression in early american culture. Such events such as the trail of tears and many a(prenominal) otherwise attacks on the native americans way of life was justified due to the idea of manifest destiny, which is a belief that the dirt was a divine gift to the american colonist. This resulted in constant contravene between american society and native americans in the twenty-first century. it is important to understand how micro-aggression works and operates in the twenty-first century. with late society changing into a more diversified culture in the United States, it is important to understand how indirect discrimination works in red-brick society. society by nature tends to group themselves within certain micro-cultures, it is important to understand this important dynamic due to its purpose within society. this dynamic by nature forces ethnicities to side with a certain set of mixer norms and values.(West,2004) examples of how this affects modern day society would best be described by contravene with interracial marriages and racial generalization. ethnic grouping has been apart of america since the reference of american society. the colonist settled in america based on their religions and values, in which the colonistRunning Header CLASHES OF RACE UN DERSTANDING THE PURPOSE had previously in britain. more modern examples of ethnic grouping would be groups, such as the black panther party, naacp are examples of more modern cases of ethnic grouping.(Jablonski,2012) the common feature of todays society, also wellhead known as mass media, has a huge impact on racial conflictions with the populace of todays society. one psychological principle sound outs that if an image or idea is shown repetitively that the image or idea will leave an imprint on the mind, later on make the mind recognize the image or ideology as normalcy.(Yosso,2002) the mainstream media controls the public agenda, as well as the emotions reflected within society. the mass media ineluctably to recognize the effect in which it has on society, the purpose of the media should be to support the truth of a matter accurately.This would help balance out racial out lashes between ethnic neighborhood, as well as riots and other ethnic protest. (Vann,2006) in recent tim es of society, racism in northwards america has went through a major transformation, especially after the post-civil rights era where the democrats believed in equality for all types of ethnicities that specifically did non get along throughout the history of racism in society(Wamsted,D,2012). This shows the progression of diversity within America. however, even with change in equality the south still shows a higher percentage of direct discrimination as well as indirect discrimination in modern day society than the north. some(prenominal) examples of the result of discrimination can best be depicted is social out lashes of an ethnic communities. this can be shown through protest, as well as moreRunning Header CLASHES OF RACE UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE serious demonstrations such as riots. the causes of these demonstrations can be a turning of reasons, moreover one pattern that is shown throughout history is that most social out lashes resulted due to mistreatment among their ra ce. an example of this would be the los angeles riots of 1992. The riots resulted from six officers found not guilty that were accused of beating a black male, rodney king. the riots lasted for six days, and resulted in thousands of injuries and fifty-three expirys.(Watts,2011) however, not every protest result in death and injury. through the civil rights era many protesters believed in the nonviolent show up of martin luther king jr. most protesters believed in sit-ins, boycotts, and other forms of nonviolent forms of protest. however, the effects of racism and discrimination has not stopped america from diversifying, but rather fueled individualism among minorities within america.A study shows that more minorities are striving for higher education within america. derek bok reported in 2000 in his book The Shape of the River that eighty-six percent of black students who enrolled in twenty-eight selective universities across the nation were apart of the middle-class or upper-mid dle class. This shows not only an increase in african american on college campus, but also the percentage of success among blacks with a stable financial backing. This abridge is important to understand due to the progression of diversity within america. It is prevalent that not only income have increased among african americans, but also the number of blacks going to college compared to college statistics of the 1990s and 1980s.(Harring-Smith,2012) to understand the importance of an action, is in warmheartedness the greatest ideology or knowledge to grasp. for every action within society has an effect on history.The Running Header CLASHES OF RACE UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSEimportance of diversity within society continues to show progression. however, racism will always have its place within society. society has to continue to evolve as well as continue to educate the youthfulness in society to limit the grasp that racism has on america, whether the discrimination is indirect or di rect. weve got to face the fact that some people say you fight perk up best with fire, but we say you put fire out best with water. we say you dont fight racism with racism. were gonna fight racism with solidarity.-Fred HamptonRunning Header CLASHES OF RACE UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSEReferencesHaring-Smith, T. (2012). Broadening Our Definition of Diversity. Liberal Education, 98(2), 6. Jablonski, N. (2012). The struggle to overcome racism. crude Scientist, 215(2880), 26. Vann, A. (2006, June 29). Sometimes the allegation of reverse racism is camouflage for maintaining the status quo. vernal York Amsterdam News. p. 13. Wamsted, D. J. (2012). Opening Doors for Diversity. Electric Perspectives, 37(3), 26. Watts. (2011). Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1. West, E. (2004). Expanding the racial Frontier. Historian, 66(3), 552.doi10.1111/j.1540-6563.2004.00088.x Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical Race Media Literacy Challenging Deficit Discourse just about Chicanas/os. Journal Of Popular Film & Television, 30(1), 52.

How Similar Were the Achievements and Limitations of Nationalism in Southeast Asia Before 1941?

The period before 1941 can to a fault be referred to as the pre-war period before the Japanese Occupation. The Southeast Asian flag-waving(a)ic movements therefore had similar feats and limitations. Their achievements were scarce as the major(ip)ity of the population was politically apathetic. To number to this, the ultranationalisticic groups often lacked book animation and military medium. The greatest achievement of these nationalist movements, though, would be that they managed to unify a diverse group of stack who had little in common by providing them with a common pillowcase to overthrow the compound government.The master(prenominal) achievement of pre-war nationalist movements was that they were able to alinement the wad of the country together using the concept of territorial nationalism. These nationalist movements started off with cultural aims so as to appeal to the masses. However, the difference among these movements lie in whether or not the national ist leaders could go beyond these aims to band together the people of the country.In the case of Vietnam and Indonesia, the nationalist leaders managed to make use of these aims to develop a territorial personal identity whereas in Malaya, the nationalist groups were unable to put aside their racial differences and thereof bonded only within their communities to establish ethnic nationalism. This can be seen from how in Indonesia, nationalism was initially focused on Java exactly subsequently spread to include the rest of Indonesia. One major achievement of Indonesian nationalism is that of the Association of Political Organisations of the Indonesian People (PPPKI) established in the late 1920s.It created a denounce of common national idioms much(prenominal) as the red and white national flag and the national anthem Indonesia Raya. It also came up with the idea of Indonesia comprising of one people, one language, one homeland, which is indicative of the Indonesians inviolable cry for independence1 and even tried to cut across the political party lines in their attempt to achieve it. Similarly, in Vietnam, there was an evident shift from cultural nationalism before 1920 to more territorial nationalism (not from religious to secular. olfactory modality back to your main point ) after 1920. Previously, before 1920, Nationalism was contain very much to the Tonkin region, with the Dong Kinh Free School being set up in 1908 to promote cultural nationalism. Later, secular nationalist groups such as the Vietnam Quoc Dang Dang (VNQDD) and the Indochina Communist party (ICP) emerged with a more political object aimed at a more inclusive national identity, as seen from the election of words in their names Vietnam and Indochina.Following that, in 1941, the Vietminh was established as a more linked nationalist agreement in reception to Japanese involvement in Vietnam, and tried to mobilise nationalists beyond party lines, appealing to both communists and no n-communists alike. This dominant organisation stood strong and later advantagefully led Vietnam to achieve independence. In Malaya however, nationalism ironically made the racial lines of Malaya more evident.The emergence of the Singapore Malay Union, the Malayan Communist companionship (MCP) which comprised of mainly Chinese and the Central Indian Association of Malaya (CIAM)2 further exacerbate the pluralistic society in Malaya, thus making a united strive for independence impossible. With the exception of Malaya, the pre-war nationalist movements generally managed to bond the people of the country together. This would facilitate future movements to overthrow the compound powers.A major limitation of the nationalist movements before 1941 was that they lacked mass support even though some groups managed to achieve a popular appeal. For example, in Vietnam, the Indochina Communist society (ICP) lacked mass support but had some appeal due to its adaptationist leaders. It associa ted its aims with superstitions and anachronic customs and disguised its communist stand to appeal to the Vietnamese, as fabianism lacked a direct appeal then. 3 This action of using folk organized religion to disguise its communist front was also adopted by the PKI in Indonesia, which rallied the peoples support by calling for a holy war or a jihad, against the Dutch.It portrayed capitalism as promoting greed and distance from God, and imperialism as threatening the world of Islam so as to stir up feelings of peevishness amongst the Indonesians. 4 However, there are nationalist groups in Southeast Asia which severely lacked mass support such as the Young Malay Union (KMM) in Malaya, whose idea of a merger with Indonesia did not appeal to the Malayans. 5 Furthermore, in Indonesia, although the Indies Party tried to appeal to all races and beyond Java, it had limited appeal as it was predominantly an Eurasion organisation with only 7700 members. As such, whether or not nationalist groups were able to achieve a mass appeal depended on how vigorous they modified their methods to appeal to the peasants. Hence, the nationalist movements before 1941 generally lacked the mass support they needed to succeed.Even if mass support was achieved, this does not guarantee success of the nationalist movements as the example of Sarekat Islam clearly demonstrates. Despite its mass side by side(p) of 2 million, its lack of a united front seriously undermined its potential, and it was lastly torn apart by internal divisions between the Marxists and Islamic leaders. some other limitation of pre-war nationalism was that they often lacked military strength to launch a successful large-scale revolt and were hence vulnerable to the suppression of the colonial powers.This can be seen in the Vietnam Quoc Dang Dang (VNQDD)s failure to overthrow the french colonial government during the Yen Bay Uprising of 1930. Their home-made weapons were inferior to the advanced ones of the Fren ch hence the uprising was quickly put down by the French. As a result of this episode, its founder, Thai Hoc and other leading figures were captured. This deprived the organisation of good leadership it needed to launch another large-scale nationalist movement thereby preventing them from regaining their political strength again. 6 Similarly, in Indonesia, although the Perserikatan Komunis di India (PKI) managed to take on support to form an army called the Red Guards of 3000, their military power was excuse uncomparable to that of the Dutch. They attempted to stage a revolution in 1926 but failed. After the revolt, the Dutch arrested 13,000 of them, imprisoned 4,500, interned 1,308 and exiled 823 to Digul, West New Guinea. This severely cripple the membership of the PKI and they were finally outlawed by the Dutch in 1927. 7 Hence, pre-war nationalism failed partially because of the militarily weak nationalist movements.In conclusion, the achievements and limitations of the SEA n ationalist movements before 1941 were largely similar, with the lack of mass support and military strength being the key weaknesses. As nationalism during that period was quite under-developed, the main achievement of these movements in Vietnam and Indonesia would be that it managed to bond the people together towards a more inclusive territorial-based national identity that would serve as a stepping stone for further nationalist movements.

College vs. High School Essay

There is so much freedom and you must give your time wisely in order to succeed. When you get to the university you will line up you meet all sorts of people from all over the place with so many a(prenominal) different cultural backgrounds and religions and beliefs and opinions. You get exposed to invigorated ideas and raw(a) experiences. The classes are genuinely different too. If you live on campus, it will credibly be your first time living away from home, which is a huge experience. And once you find your major, you will find your people. You will actually be firing to naturalize with people who want to be there.As foreign to high shoaling where students have to be there and many heap careless about the subjects. College is a completely hot-sprung(prenominal) experience with many unique aspects that can change and help define champions life. Many people love college, and find it to be a new beginning. It is a new opportunity to define yourself as an individual. Y ou can picture a new image, because everyone is looking to do the exact same thing. In college, its time to strap down and get to work. Theres very no room for error. Classes are spread out throughout the week, and you often have much down time.There is a round of work and it is crammed into a short degree. It is up to you to know when to eat lunch, and it is up to you when to study. It is also your decision to fill that time where you are not studying or doing work with productive things. amply school is a period in which many new things happen. You now find yourself in a world full of raging hormones, honors classes, and new found freedoms. utmost school is routine in a way. You have your eight or so classes year round, and you know when you will be eating lunch.The same kids you went to unsophisticated and middle school with probably are the same kids you went to high school with. Basically, high school is much regimented, and many people find themselves having the same f riends for many years. Because of this, in turn once a reputation or image was established for you in high school, most likely that was going to stick with you for the rest of your time left. The work in high school is a piece of cake. Unless you are taking honors or AP courses, there is really no reason why someones GPA should slack below 2. 5. Classes in high school are small in size, usually between twenty and thirty students, and there is a one on one feeling with the teacher. It is a laid back glory because everyone knows each other. Also in high school, many students find a way around the school part. Countless students slack off and fathert apply themselves to their work or studies. Because of this, many students find themselves doing new extracurricular activities, and I think we all know what is meant by that. It is very easy in high school to fall into bad habits.High School is a perfect opportunity to go down the damage path and find yourself in bad situations. In conc lusion, even though high school is an important step in life, college is an even bigger step. They are similar in some ways but in others they are the same. High school prepares you for college. It is a time full of new experiences and lessons. College is a new chapter in life and you can basically vary over. In a way, college is a mature version of high school. High school and college are what you make of it. To find the true similarities and differences, one must experience both for themselves.

Vespucci View on Native Americans

The impression that I got from the great unwashed accounted to Vespucci is that Native Indians atomic number 18 barbarians with no shame. Vespucci gives the impression by showing that they ar cannibals (Vespucci 18). For example, they will obliterate human flesh from their enemies. They have no leader and no rules atomic number 18 set. Basically, I picture humans running around like ludicrous animals without shame. In addition, the men are lustful without shame, taking as a lot women as they can. Even the women are crazy they would cause abortion if their preserve anger them (Vespucci 18).I get the impression that they have no repentance and that they are evil. The only positive thing that I feel is that they are creative, when it comes to music and that food is plentiful. For example, the Indians play various instruments such as horns and bells (Vespucci 18). Overall, I feel that these Indians are too psychotic and that they need to reform their shipway immediately. The doc ument shows that the author is pretty honest, but cocky. He would offer experience first, but if the Indians do not accept, they would be subjected to slavery (Vespucci 18).This shows me that hes at least fair when making deals. I feel that hes fascinated by the way the Indians live, but not in a good way. His tone is arrogant, because his people see Indians as a pathetic civilization. The author shows that he did not know that such people existed, until he discovered them. He contradicts himself though, when he would capture Indians and make them into slaves if they did not accept his friendship. Enslaving people is also immoral and unethical. Vespucci is a bit intractable when judging others, when he too is judged by others.

Cations and Anion Lab Essay

IntroductionIn this experiment we lead be mixing two ionic compounds potassium chromate and lead nitrate both are meltable in water. This will be demonstrating a double-replacement response/ answers betwixt cations and anions. If a reaction does occur it will form a precipitate due to one of the newly make compounds not organism soluble in water.Once the experiment was completed there was what appears to be a satisfying substance remaining in the test tube. This shows that a reaction occurred.Procedure1. Once in the ChemLab-Cations and anion reactions. You will motivation to induce a 100mL beaker and 50mL of potassium chromate. This will be done by clicking on the Chemicals section of the toolbar, and then acquireing 1M Potassium Chromate, heighten the volume to 50mL, then consider to add the Potassium Chromate to a new 100mL beaker.2. Next, you will need to remaining click on the beaker, then get Chemicals from the toolbar, select 1M Lead Nitrate, change the volume to 50mL (ensure that the window indicated that it will be placed in the vivacious beaker.3. Now you will need to filter the precipitate. Obtain an Erlenmeyer flask and a Buchner funnel. This will be done by selecting from the Equipment section on the toolbar and selecting Erlenmeyer Flask-250mL. Next, reform click on the flask and select Buchner Funnel. Right click on the beaker and select Pour/Decant. Move the beaker above the funnel and you will put one over a white area at the bottom of the flask.4. Lastly, you will need to record the weight of the precipitate. Rightclick on the flask and select Buchner Funnel. A message will appear asking if An amount of solid was found present in the filter, what action would you like to take?, select place solid into 50mL trial Tube. You will now see the outpouring Tube with the precipitate in the bottom, right click on the Test Tube and click on show weight, the weight of the precipitate will appear, record the weight.Observations and Resul tsThere is a small amount of precipitate in the bottom of the test tube that appears yellow in color with round dots in the solution.Weight of filtered precipitate 16.160gDue to a reaction occurring between the cations and the anions this has caused a reaction, therefore creating a solid that is not water soluble. countersignWhen mixing the two ionic compounds potassium chromate and lead nitrate and then filtering the solution this revealed a solid substance that remained. This substance is not soluble in water hence it was left behind after filtering. This shows that a reaction occurred between the cations and anions.ConclusionThis lab represented a double-replacement reaction of the ionic compounds potassium chromate and lead nitrate. Once these compounds were mixed and then filtered it revealed a solid substance that remained. This confirms that a reaction occurred between the cations and anions, and ultimately formed a new substance.