The Big Switch

The president of our company has brought to our attention that he would appreciate it if our department could create a new information system for our company. The current information system that we use is Microsoft Excel and we need to create a way to transfer and implement the new office system of Microsoft Access. We need to explain the current downsides to using Microsoft Excel and explain the positive ways by using Microsoft Access that will help our company grow, expand, and be more efficient to our company. We also need to come up with software that is compatible to Microsoft Access just to have a contingency plan, in case the president is not pleased with the results we research and to help improve the internal communications along with help make the workflow of the sales department improve. We do know that the current plan is not working for our company and we need to all work diligently to improve our current system and make the transition easy. Microsoft office is a great tool and Excel, when used properly, is a valuable asset. The problem with Microsoft Excel is that there are various manual inputs that can go wrong. Other common problems that can cause an error involve not using a colon to indicate a range of cells, forgetting to close your parentheses, and adding common formats as part of the formula (Murray, 2013). The formulas that Excel uses would be complicated to track everything. (Murray, 2013) It is also very difficult to track the history of changes that our company uses has it moves forward. This would not only hinder the company but could possibly cause miscommunication of the data inputted. (Murray, 2013) These reasons stated above are why the company should not use the Excel program to move forward in the progression of the company. With Access, it is a relational database association that exists between the tables, which stores the data. These help to maintain the integrity of the data contained within. Access can store tons of data in different forms and yet still intertwine for easy referencing and analyzing. (Microsoft, 2013) Access is also great for the business since it has the ability to manage contacts, track inventory, track orders, and events. (Microsoft, 2013) One great feature about Access is that multiple users can have it opened working on the same database and only what the other person is working on is locked. Microsoft, 2013) This allows several people to input their data at the same time and it is secure. Conclusion As one can see there are far more advantages using Microsoft Access verses using Microsoft Excel. Access is more suited for our company’s needs now. Using Access will cut down on our company’s mistakes. This will utilize and maximize our company’s growth. This will increase the employee production. In the long run, Access will make the company’s bottom line profit grow, which at the end of the day is the most important thing.

Furman V. Georgia

Furman vs. Georgia In Furman vs. Georgia Furman was convicted of murder and two others for rape. â€Å"Juries had convicted Furman for murder and two other individuals for rape—all three were African American—and then imposed the death penalty. † (Source A). â€Å"Furman v. Georgia (1972). † American Government. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 19 Apr. 2010. . The three pleaded that the death penalty is against the eighth amendment, which prohibits any man from suffering cruel and unusual punishment, and when Furman and his counterparts case reached the Supreme Court, the Supreme Court ruled the death penalty unconstitutional. So the Court ruled for the first time that capital punishment violated the Eighth Amendment. † â€Å"All executions were put on hold following the decision. †(Source B). Hinds, Maurine. Furman v. Georgia and the DEATH PENALTY DEBATE. Berkely Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers, Inc. , 2005. 79-80. Print. The significance of Furman v. Geo rgia is that this case was the first case that was ruled violating the Eighth amendment and that it halted every man on death row in the United States. The decision of the Supreme Court is a superior choice because it is not within the right of another person to choose which man should die and which man should live and that the death penalty is not something that are forefathers saw as constitutional. In Furman v. Georgia â€Å"On the night of August 11, 1967, 29-year-old William Joseph Micke, Jr. , came home from work to his wife and five children in Savannah,Georgia. He went to bedaround midnight. Two hours later, the Mickes were awakened by strange noises in thekitchen. Thinking that one of his children was sleepwalking, William Micke went to thekitchen to investigate. Micke found 26-year-old William Henry Furman in the kitchen. Furman was a poor, uneducated, mentally ill African American who had broken into the house and was carrying a gun. When he saw Micke, Furman fled the house, shooting Micke as he left. The bullet hit Micke in the chest, killing him instantly. Micke's family immediately called the police. Within minutes, the police searched the neighborhood and found Furman still carrying his gun. Furman was charged with murder. † (Source C). http://www. enotes. com/supreme-court-drama/furman-v-georgia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 19 Apr 2010.

Pathophysiology of Acute Pulmonary Oedema Essay

Pathophysiology of Acute Pulmonary Oedema - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that because of the lung’s diminished capacity to oxygenate the blood, hemoglobin is circulated without being adequately oxygenated; in effect, this causes shortness of breath and cyanosis in the patient. With more oedema, oxygen supply to the brain decreases and this causes disorientation and altered cognition in the patient. Dyspnoea manifests with decreased oxygen supply and lung stiffness. The air moving into the alveolar field causes the crepitations and crackles heard upon lung auscultation. With the fluid moving through the larger air paths, the crepitations and crackles become louder. Mr. Smith’s dyspnoea, as was discussed, is caused by the accumulation of fluid in the lungs. â€Å"Excessive secretions and inability to clear such secretions can compromise airways and increase airway resistance†. In physically separating the alveoli from the pulmonary capillary vessels, the swelling or oedema would interrupt the ca rbon dioxide and oxygen exchange. In effect, there is lesser space in the lungs for slow and deep breaths; as a result, the patient’s dyspnoea manifests with rapid and shallow respiration. This difficulty in breathing causes the patient to exert more effort in breathing and in lung filling – hence the increased use of accessory muscles in breathing. His decreased oxygen saturation is primarily caused by the decreased oxygen being carried and circulated to the different cells of the body. Due to decreased volume of oxygen taken in by the lungs and due to the decreased capacity of the alveoli to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen, the oxygen saturation of the cells is compromised and is detected by the pulse oximeter as lower O2 saturation. The patient’s anxiety is triggered by his above symptoms. His difficulty in breathing and other symptoms like his pink-tinged sputum all trigger his anxiety. As his pulmonary oedema becomes worse, his anxiety is also bound to i ncrease. As his anxiety increases, the more that he will seem confused, and later, stuporous. Five core nursing interventions 1. Monitor vital signs every 10 to 15 minutes This is a crucial intervention on the part of Mr. Smith because vital signs are the best parameters of a patient’s condition. It is an essential part of client’s care and it often forms the basis for identifying issues and planning interventions. In Mr. Smith’s case, it is possible to evaluate the worsening or the improvement of his condition through vital signs monitoring. Since Mr. Smith is a critical care patient, his vital signs are not stable and are expected to abruptly change. It is therefore important to monitor his vital signs at closer intervals. Such monitoring would assist in detecting abrupt changes in the patient’s vital signs. In such case, adjustments in the patient’s medication and interventions may be made accordingly and as each incident unfolds. Mr. Smith†™s condition is critical and is bound to change based on each intervention implemented on his behalf.

Family violence because Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family violence because Alcohol - Essay Example Although scientifically it can be proven that alcohol abuse directly causes violence, aggressors have, in some cases, used their drug and alcohol abuse as a scapegoat to cause ferocities in their homestead with different motives. The justification of violence as caused by alcohol still revolves around the claim that alcohol, in one way or the other, causes family violence. It is also both logical and sound to say that family violence may cause alcohol abuse. It is, therefore, the cause-effect cycle that spins around family life. Alcohol directly causes family violence. According to the behaviorist perspective, alcohol abuse is an act that is learnt just the same way an individual acquires the skills of riding a bicycle. The environment in which a person is socialized influences an individual into acquiring certain behaviors that can turn out to be accepted or rejected socially. In many societies, drinking of alcohol is not abhorred but getting irresponsible after the drinks is. The outcome of alcohol abuse is what makes alcohol depraved. As a matter of fact, aggression and violence are some of the salient behaviors that persons exhibit whenever they are drunk. McMurran (2013) argues that alcohol may not, sometimes, be a direct cause of violence in families but it creates volatile conditions that make violence becomes inevitable. One way this is possible is the financial burden that comes with alcohol drinking. In many countries, there have been changes in policies that regulate alcohol drinking, perhaps, with the aim of reducing its consumption. T he strategy has been implemented through hiking the taxes that are imposed on alcoholic products. It then trickles down to the consumer who has to pay high amounts of money so they may get their beloved drinks. Since addicted alcoholics have to take their sips every day, they are forced to either

HUI 235 Sex Love and Tragedy in Early Italian Literature Assignment

HUI 235 Sex Love and Tragedy in Early Italian Literature - Assignment Example Dante took pains for the development of his character reaching the final concept of love. He presents her first as a quite ordinary woman who achieves greater status at the end and it likens her to Christ. Here Dante wins his attempt of constructing his own legend; the Holy Beatrix. Dante could not acknowledge the fact that Beatrice was one of many ladies. Later, different meanings are attributed Beatrice like the symbols of Christ and miracle (The Florence Newspaper, n. d.). Virgil is the other character appearing with Dante in Inferno. Critics have attributed different symbolisms to the presentation of Virgil’s ghost in the poem. They are of the opinion that the ghost represents human reason which guides and protects persons from the world of sin. Reading through the poem, one feels that Virgil’s character best suits for reason where he proves sober, measured, resolute, and wise. He has been presented in the poem as the protector of Dante from demons and monsters. Virgil also reminds the readers about the significance of religious faith— Reason is powerless without faith, by following the words of angelic messenger. Here, Virgil acts as the guide of Dante, who enables Dante to have a clear view of Hell and for strengthening his moral lessons. He leads him as a master, expressing the acknowledgement and appreciation of the classical tradition. Francesca was the contemporary of Dante, whose presentation in Inferno attracted the attention of many critics. According to them her personality is sufficient to atone for her sin. For a reader it is easy to understand her character. Presenting Francesca in his poem was a great challenge to Dante. But he won in his attempt to present her as one of the most charming creatures to appear in world literature (Alighieri,Dante., Musa, Mark, 1995. P. 310) Her aristocratic behavior is well appreciated and it enables her to wipe out her

Construction contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Construction contracts - Essay Example In the NEC3, this section defines all the terms that can or will be used to negotiate the contract. The NEC3 defines the Accepted Program as the one that supersedes all existing programs and is the Program identified in the Contract Data currently accepted by the Project Manager. Completion is defined as the period when the Contractor has finished all tasks as specified must be completed by the Completion Date according to the Works Information and has corrected Defects that can prevent the Employer from using the works or Others from doing their work. Completion Date is defined as the date on the Contract for completed works and the Contact Date is the date the contract was created. A Defect is any part of the Works that does not coincide with the Works Information or any part of the Works designed by the Contractor that does not comply with applicable laws or the design accepted by the Project Manager. The NEC3 defines the Fee as the sum of the amounts calculated by applying the subcontracted fee percentage to the Defined Cost of subcontracted work and the direct fee percentage to the Defined Cost of other work. Others are considered to be any people or organizations that are not the Employer, Project Manager, Supervisor, Adjudicator, or Contractor or an employee Subcontractor or supplier to the Contractor and NEC3 considers Parties to mean The Employer and the Contractor. Subcontractors are considered to be any person(s) or organizations that have a contractual agreement with the Contractor to perform duties that may include installing or constructing parts of the Works, providing services needed to enable the contractor to Provide the Works, or supply the Plant and Materials fabricated specifically for the Works. 1. Claims, proceedings, compensation and costs payable due to use of the Site by or for the purpose of the works, negligence, breach of legal obligations or interference of the legal right

Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing - Essay Example The principle of the disc diffusion method is that when a filter disc is impregnated with a chemical that is placed on the agar, the chemical in the agar diffuses around the disc. The solubility of the chemical and its molecular size determines the size of the area if chemical infiltration around the disc. When an organism is placed on the agar around the disc, if it is susceptible to the chemical then there would be no growth around the area where the chemical is diffused and this area is called as the "zone o the inhibition". This inhibition can be measured and compared with a standard control strain and normal tables, Stokes and Kirby-Bauer method respectively. The factors that affect in this method are the concentration of the bacterial inoculums, the depth and types of agar, the incubation conditions and the time of incubation. All this factors should be always taken into account while performing the test. An alternative test that can be performed is the determination of the amount of antibiotic required to either inhibit the growth of organism or to kill the organism which is done by incubating a fixed concentration of the organism in increasing concentrations of antibiotics and checking for growth after 24h of incubation. The as3. Methods. The assigned culture was swabbed onto the agar plate in three directions for maximal coverage. The plates were allowed to settle for 10 mins, followed by impregnating the antibiotic discs by pushing the dispenser over the agar. The antibiotic and the disc code were noted and the plates were kept in incubator at 37C. 4. Results. The results obtained from Test 1 and Test 2 are displayed in Table 1 and 2 respectively. RESULTS: TEST 1 RESULTS: TEST 2 5. Discussion: Antibiotic susceptibility of given strain was determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Disc diffusion method is widely used across the laboratory to determine the effect of any anti- microbial agents like antiseptics, antibiotics, bactericidal or bacteriostatic compound etc. To avoid any lab to lab variation standardized protocol was developed that was recommended by National Committee for Clinical laboratory standards like Meuller-Hilton Agar is used as growth medium; plates will be incubated at 37C for 18-24 hr, while turbidity of bacterial suspension will be set at 0.5 McFarland method or 1.0 OD by spectrophotometer. The biggest advantages of disc diffusion method over other methods are that it is rapid, efficient, cost effective and reliable. While there are certain limitation of this methods like any variation in cell number, incubation time, diffusibility of antibacterial compound, media etc, which leads to very high variation in final results. Similarly, it gives only quantitative idea and determination of bactericidal concentration or MIC need to be back calculated. For pathological determination serum to antibiotic ratio must be taken in to consideration to evaluate effective dose. In this practical, we evaluated three cultures for its Antibiotics susceptibility against various antibiotics. Among these Pseudomonas

ACC 202 MOD 5 CA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ACC 202 MOD 5 CA - Essay Example As the company has the capacity to produce 20,000 units in a year, Paul Peco should focus on utilizing the firm’s maximum production capacity, as there is a high level of demand for the product. Pecos has the capacity to manufacture 20,000 units per year without any increase in the fixed costs. The most profitable solution for Paul Peco would be to sell 20,000 units in a year, so that the company’s maximum capacity is utilized. From this volume, the contribution required from a single unit to cover the fixed costs can be computed (Weston and Copeland). The profit margin originally set by Paul Peco was a minimum of $ 10 per unit. In the revised plan, a minimum profit of $ 12.50 per unit is fixed. Hence the revised minimum selling price is at $ 280 per unit. It is evident that Paul Peco would have sold 1,925 units in the last month. Assuming a constant demand every month, Paul Peco will easily be able to sell 20,000 units in the first year. The last month’s contribution margin income statements for the two rules are presented below. From the revised plan, it is evident that Ms. Goodperson’s decision to accept the contract at $290 per unit was profitable. Ms.Goodperson should be hired again. Also, based on the revised decision rule, Paul Peco should instruct his sales staff to accept orders at any price above $ 280 per

Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney Literature review

Adolescent Diaries of Karen Horney - Literature review Example Horney’s early childhood was marked by divergent behavioral tendencies. For instance, she had an unusual fancy for her elder brother. This was most probably a psychological response to arising from wrong perceptions of her father as a ‘dictator’. Her intellectual capabilities were just developing into more varied and complex perceptions at this time. Her early childhood was also marked by rebellion against her father’s autocratic pontifications. She openly rebelled against his despotic commands and sought to self-assert on everything that she felt was important. In addition to this marked tendency to oppose her father because she felt that he didn’t love her enough, deep down this small girl there was evolving perceptive disbelief in the existing dispensation of affairs. She alleged that her father loved her brother much more than he did her. She was not only ambitious but also constantly focused on intellectual pursuits. At the age of nine, she felt that her image suffered from some inadequacies. She was even depressed by the feeling that she wasn’t beautiful, though by any standards she was pretty enough. With the subsequent rejection by her brother of her unusual behavior towards him, there developed a period of collapse into dejection and depression. On and off a relapse into bouts of depression could be noticed during this period. She was more of a narcissist or an introvert that showed an unusual interest in the self-image (Quinn, 1989). Subsequent to her parents’ divorce in 1904, her mother moved into a separate place with the kids. Karen was one of the first few girls to be admitted to a German University for medicine. Finally, she graduated from the University of Berlin in 1913. It was during this period that she met her future husband, Oskar Horney. She married him in 1909 and in 1910 she had her first baby girl, Brigitte. Two other girls followed and Karen was a happy mother.  

Revised Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Revised - Annotated Bibliography Example This article talks about mechanisms of employing the Internet as a tool in addressing critical issues affecting SMEs in Saudi Arabia. The article mentions issues such as rapidly changing market environment, increased consumer demand for quality, increased global competition, increased partnerships between small and large/intermediate businesses, and growing need for instant access to business information from multiple sources. This article primarily assesses the current level of Internet usage as a tool of business by SMEs forming the basis for earlier studies. This article addresses the usable and accessible websites in SMEs despite the advancing competitive environment where a prominent place has been occupied by the internet. The article talks about transferring a brand to the online environment from an offline environment as an issue to companies. The article also talks about how to ensure websites are accessible and usable in order to enhance web navigation and enable brand communication as well as improve the image of the company. This article presents the findings of a study that measured the degree to which medium and small enterprises employ accessibility and usability as a pillar that supports brand to communicate with other audience online. This article addresses the factors that affect internet based sales adoption by SMEs. The article asserts that the internet doubles every year and spans the globe in which the exchange of digital data is carried out. The article also talks about the coverage which is relatively understood concerning the effect of the internet in the popular press. This article also reports investigation of an exploratory study examining crucial concerns around internet usage in emerging SMEs. It describes how SMEs develop and use internet, explores factors motivating companies to invest in e-commerce, and assesses the significance of the benefits of electronic commerce. The

Tsunami Maldives Essay Example for Free

Tsunami Maldives Essay Natural disasters act as strong bonds to join the hearts of people even if they live poles apart. Irrespective of caste, religion and creed, everyone sympathise with the victims and comes forward to help them. Helps pour in from every corner of the world. Even persons who have little idea about the locations where such disasters occur, offer their wholehearted support, be it monetary or simple condolence messages. I have chosen this topic because of its sensitivity. It is very necessary to highlight the issues which are very crucial from humanitarian point of view. Tsunami in South Asia created havoc and caused widespread devastation. As an educated and responsible person, I volunteered to work for the needy people. I actively took part in the rescue and relief operations in Maldives. I performed my duty to my home country as well as to the mankind. It is always seen that volunteers always take the initiatives to participate in the rescue operations much before the official machinery reach there. It is a unique example how the tragedies unite people emotionally. Such tragedies make the national boundaries irrelevant. In such terrible times, we only remember one thing that we are human beings and offer physical and moral support to our fellow brethren who are suffering at the moment. I could not have chosen a better topic than this one. Rather than writing on my works, I have focused on how people from all sections of society join hands to help the people in distress. Humanity plays a great role in such incidents. Importance of volunteers and workers in such disasters cannot be undermined. It is necessary to make people aware of their responsibilities as human beings. Everyone should know about the impact of such disasters on the affected people who go through traumatic experience. The difficulties experienced by the official machinery in helping the affected people clearly emphasise on the need of volunteers in such incidents who are always in a better position to reach the victims immediately. Tsunami in South Asia A devastating earthquake occurred off the West Coast of Northern Sumatra (Indonesia) on 26 December 2004. It magnitude was measured at 9.0 on the Richter scale. Another earthquake of magnitude 7.3 occurred in the Great Nicobar Islands, India. These two earthquakes triggered Tsunami in South Asia. A series of aftershock were reported in this region. The worst-affected countries by Tsunami were India, Indonesia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia. The 30 feet high tidal waves or Tsunami that travelled at the speed of up to 500 miles per hour, caused massive destructions all over (Behreandt, 2005, p. 4). Maldives was one of the countries in South Asia, which was affected heavily by the killer Tsunami waves. Maldives comprises of 199 islands in the Indian Ocean. It has a population of around 300,000. The geographic position of Maldives makes the transportation system a little bit complex. Boats and Ferries are the prime mode of transportation between the islands in Maldives (Behreandt, 2005, p. 16). When Tsunami struck, it damaged most of the boats, ferries and jetties. Falling trees and damaged houses blocked the public transport system. It became tough to rescue the victims who were stuck under the debris. The government machinery was completely paralysed as it was never prepared to deal with such a situation. It did not have the resources and immediate manpower to help the victims. Isolation of places and problems in transportation aggravated the situation further. Bad weather hindered the rescue and relief operations. Agencies such as Red Cross, Red Crescent and others found it difficult to provide immediate relief to people who lived in distant places. Several areas in Maldives were without power and water due to the damage caused by Tsunami. There were several tourist resorts in Maldives which were completed damaged. Heavy Destruction Rescue Operations in Maldives At the time of Tsunami, I was in Maldives due to vacation. My mother was in one of the most affected island (TH VILUFUSHI) during tsunami. But it was not possible for me to go there as all the communication links were cut off. Although I was disturbed and panicked for the well-being of my mother, I knew I could only pray for her safety. Situation around me was tense and horrible. Death toll was mounting and people are not getting the help they desperately needed at that time. Official machinery was not effective and other agencies were finding it difficult to reach the affected areas. In such a situation, there was need of volunteers who could understand the geographical conditions very well and offer helping hands. I joined the group of volunteers in the rescue and relief operations. Maldives was experiencing the worst disaster in its history. There was panic and grief all over. Our main focus was to save as many lives as possible. We dig out the debris to look out for the survivors. We had witnessed people crying under the debris for help. It was not easy to rescue the survivors safely as they were already injured and we had to pull them out with proper care and caution. I remember one incident when one of my co-workers got himself injured during the rescue operation. He was hit by a large stone on head and bled heavily. We immediately rushed to his help with first-aid. But he urged us to ignore his condition and help the victims who had been affected badly by the killer Tsunami and needed immediate attention. That incident filled new spirit in us and made us more determined. Role of Volunteers in the Tsunami Relief Operations Although the death toll in Maldives was 82, there were many people who would have died without the rescue operation undertaken by volunteers. Volunteers played a major role in locating the survivors and providing them food and medical aid. It was really heartening to see the youth volunteering in the operation without any self interest. Our group was comprised of 20 people and we carefully carried out our operations. Our first priority was to recover, identify and bury the dead. We provided emergency food, water and shelter to displaced people with the help of NGOs and other foreign agencies. We experienced a series of problems in burying the dead as many of the bodies were beyond recognition and could not be identified. There were several people who were crying and looking for their family members and relatives. We tried our best to help them in identifying their deceased relatives and then burying the bodies. Sometimes, we got distracted by the emotional experience around us. But we knew we had to keep patience and help the survivors who were completed stranded without any basic amenities. I remember a 12-year old boy who lost all his family members and was crying bitterly. He had lost everything in the disaster and was clueless about his future. There were several such incidents which occurred before us and other volunteers. While the rescue operation was going on, I got the news of safety of my mother. It boosted my confidence and filled new spirit in me. I was determined of doing my best to help people of my country at the time of disaster. My country was going through the worst-phase of its history and it desperately needed volunteers like me. Once the debris was cleared and all the survivors were rushed to safe places, we had another challenging task in hand. It was very necessary to clear the mess created by the Tsunami. Broken houses, debris, falling trees and contaminated water would have resulted in deadly epidemic like situation. With the help of government officials, NGOs and other foreign agencies such as Red Cross and UN volunteer groups, we worked on a war-footing to restore the water and power supplies. We had launched a cleanliness drive to purify the water and improve the sanitation facility. It was really surprising to see a large number of volunteers participating in such operations. Role of Foreign Groups and Agencies in the Tsunami Relief Operation The overwhelming response received from governments, charities and NGOs of foreign countries had provided a great support to the rescue and relief operations in Maldives. There were several such groups and agencies that played an important role in helping Tsunami-affected people. The death toll in Maldives would have been much higher without the help of volunteers who came to rescue of the victims and survivors. The United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme, in coordination with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR), had deployed teams of UN Volunteers in Tsunami-affected countries. Their aim was to help governments and other UN agencies provide relief to thousands of people who lost their homes and family members. The UNV sent its team of volunteers who worked along with the local people in the rescue and relief operations. They mainly work for the rehabilitation and restoration of the fishing villages devastated by the Tsunami in the islands of Maldives (Behreandt, 2005, p. 24). RedR is one of the agencies which played an active role in the Tsunami relief operations. It deployed logisticians, engineers and camp managers in Maldives. It provided selected relief personnel to clear the areas and rebuild them. Australian Volunteers International (AVI) worked in areas affected by the tsunami. Many of the volunteers had expertise and experience in handling such type of operations. During the rehabilitation process, AVI launched a project to tackle the shortage of teachers in Maldives (Behreandt, 2005, p. 25). Another volunteer organisation, Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) launched a number of projects such as the educational sector grant initiated by the Development Cooperation of Ireland. It provided library books and facilities to 27 tsunami-affected schools. It also trained 230 teachers in 20 schools across the Maldives. Another key voluntary organisation was Friends of Maldives (FOM) that sent over 100 tons of medical supplies, food, clothing and tools to Maldives. FOM is the major NGO bringing aid to the Maldives aftermath Tsunami (Behreandt, 2005, p. 25). Rehabilitation Process According to the government estimates, more than two-thirds of the population in Maldives were affected by Tsunami. Fifty per cent of houses in Maldives were affected. Communication links, jetties, power supply, hospitals and sewerage system had been heavily hit. Transportation to the islands had become more difficult. The government had little resources to cope with the situation arisen after Tsunami. The President of Maldives declared a State of National Disaster and called for international help. Several countries and foreign agencies responded with the financial aid. Donations of food, clothing, medicine, tents, blankets and other necessary goods poured in. However, it was necessary to distribute these relief materials among people. It would not have been possible without the help of volunteers. We coordinated with the local officials and a team of Red Cross workers who developed an effective psychosocial program in the Maldives. The main focus of the psychosocial program was to address the physical, mental and social well-being of the Tsunami-affected people in Maldives. We took the initiative of providing community support to families. After the disaster, children were too scared to go to school. Once the school buildings were repaired, we met their parents and convinced them to send the children to school. With the help of other agencies, we provided them food, clothing and books. There was shortage of teachers in the schools. Most of us volunteered to assist the teachers in our spare time. I also took part in the teaching programmes and taught in two schools on a part-time basis for a few weeks. Red Cross played an important role in the rehabilitation work. Besides launching psychosocial programs and providing educational support to the children, it reached the local women groups that were active in the society. Red Cross believed that providing support to women would benefit their families and children. It launched mass awareness programmes to persuade people come out of their home and work to earn money for their families. Due to the joint efforts of Red Cross and local volunteers, more than 13,000 people were assisted by the psychosocial programme. The Commonwealth provided medical assistance to the Tsunami-affected Maldives. Doctors from the Commonwealth countries were brought to Maldives to provide adequate treatment to the injured people. Doctors with expertise in orthopaedics, paediatrics, general surgery, obstetrics, gynaecology and medicine joined the team of volunteers under the Commonwealth Service Abroad Programme (CSAP). They coordinated with the local staff for the development of rehabilitation health programmes (Behreandt, 2005, p. 26). Teaching the children was a great experience for me. It was a tough task to motivate the students who were already going through the traumatic experience of Tsunami. They could hardly concentrate in study. Our first priority was to help them regain their confidence. We were trained with child-centred teaching techniques. The new techniques involved bringing the children into groups and wiping out the fear from their mind. Rather than going for the traditional way of teaching methods, we tried to create a child-friendly environment. That worked perfectly and they soon started forgetting the bitter memories of Tsunami. They felt more comfortable in groups and became more open. We introduced games, competitions with rewards and other entertainment programmes to add fun to their life. It was a great achievement for us as we succeeded in bringing smile to the faces of the horror-stricken children. Conclusion From my experience as a volunteer in Maldives, I realised the importance of working for the well-being of the needy people during disasters. The poor and helpless people desperately needed help in those hours of crisis. The role of volunteers becomes very crucial in such rescue and relief operations as the official machinery always find it difficult to cope with the situation. Its time for the youth to realise its full potential in life. They need to rise to the occasion to fulfil their obligation towards the nation and the mankind. Every responsible youth must understand the importance of volunteering during disasters. We understood our responsibility and did whatever we could for the benefit of the community. Our sincerity and dedication have been appreciated by everyone. Our work was purely based on humanitarian ground and we never expected anything in return. We had a one point agenda – to bring smiles on the face of people who lost almost everything in the disaster. Â   Bibliography Behreandt, Dennis. 2005. Swept Away: The Epic Disaster in Southeast Asia Has Taken Many Thousands of Lives. As Failures by the Involved Governments Attest, the Relief Efforts Are Best Left to the Private Sector, The New American, Vol. 21. Walls, Michael, 2005, Report: Review of Tsunami Recovery, 30 October 2005, http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/trn-tsunami-24Jun.pdf. Winston, Stacy, 2005, The beginning of a Red Crescent National Society in the Maldives, 30 October 2005, http://www.ifrc.org/docs/News/05/05100501/index.asp. Mark, Amanda, 2005, Red Cross Programs Help Rebuild After Tsunami, 30 October 2005, http://www.redcross.org/article/0,1072,0_440_4091,00.html. Rice, Alison, 2005, Post-tsunami reconstruction and tourism: a second disaster?, 29 October 2005, http://www.tourismconcern.org.uk/pdfs/Final%20report.pdf. Dhivehi Observer, 2004, Tsunami waves flood Maldives, 30 October 2005, http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/tsunami_december_2004/day3.html. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2004, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Thailand and, Somalia Earthquake and Tsunami: OCHA Situation Report No. 4, 29 October 2005, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/12/mil-041227-un1.htm. Thomas, Dan, 2005, Tsunami offers schools opportunities for change, 30 October 2005, http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/maldives_27300.html.

Development of Digital Television Technology

Development of Digital Television Technology Digital TV broadcasting and HDTV Introduction While Gugliemo Marconi is known as the inventor of wireless telegraphy in 1897 (Winston, 1998, p. 70), the inventor of television becomes a little more complicated as it entailed an evolution of over ten years to move from its concept to an actual picture transmission and reception. The patent for the electronic scanning tube, termed iconoscope, was held by Vladimir Zworykin, an Russian born inventor who worked for Westinghouse in 1923, however, Westinghouse did not see the utility in his invention and ordered Zworykin onto other projects (Bogart, 1956, p. 8, 348). Philo Farnsworth (Horvitz, 2002. p. 9, 92) advanced the concept, and it was John Logie Baird who accomplished the first transmissions of face shapes in 1924, who is also credited with the first television broadcast in 1926 (Horvitz, 2002, p. 101). From there, the development of television escalated with analog broadcasting representing the transmission method utilized in television until 2000 began the age of digital telev ision and radio broadcasting (Huff, 2001, pp. 4,8,69). To understand digital television, one needs a basic understanding of the manner in with analog television works. In the analog system a video camera takes pictures at 30 frames per second, which are then rasterized into rows of individual dots, termed pixels that are assigned specific color and intensity (howstuffworks.com, 2007a). Next, these pixel rows are then combined with synchronization signals termed horizontal and vertical sync, which permits the receiving television set understand how these rows should be displayed (howstuffworks.com, 2007a). The final signal that contains the preceding represents the composite video signal, which is separate from the sound (howstuffworks.com, 2007a). The difference between analog television and digital is that the analog system as a 4:3 aspect ration, which means the television screen is four units wide by three units high, thus a 25 inch analog television measured diagonally is 15 inches in height by 20 inches in width, with the aspect rat io for a digital television is represented by a 16:9 aspect ratio (Metallinos, 1996, pp. 27, 206 207). Digital broadcasting, as is the case in all broadcast formats, including radio, utilize part of the electromagnetic spectrum (Montgomery and Powell, 1985, pp. 20, 237). Electromagnetic wave frequencies consist of radio, infrared, light that is visible, ultraviolet, x-ray, gamma and then cosmic rays, in order of the lowest to the highest (Weber, 1961, pp. 105, 184). In reality, digital television broadcasting is a subset of digital radio broadcasting, under the ‘one-way digital radio standards’, which not only includes digital radio and television broadcasting, but digital terrestrial television, DVB-T, ISDB-t, ATSC, T-DMB, mobile TV, Satellite TV, radio pagers, as well as the Eureka 147 standard (DAB) to name a few (Levy, 2001, pp. 7,10,11,33). This examination shall delve into an understanding of digital television broadcasting, DAB, DVB-T, HDTV, and its deployment in Europe as well as the United States. Television’s New Age The advantages of digital television is that it offers a broader array of viewing options for both the consumer as well as broadcast stations in that it provides a clear picture and sharper sound, along with the ability of broadcasters to offer multiple sub-channels as a result of its formats (Levy, 2001, p. 71). The three formats, consisting of 1. 480i, which is 704X480 pixels that is broadcast at 60 interlaced frames a second representing 30 complete frames each second, and 480p which is 704X480 pixels that is broadcast at 60 complete frames each second, 2. 720p, whereby the picture is at 1280X720 pixels that is broadcast at 60 complete frames a second, and thirdly, 1080i where the picture is at 1920X1080 pixels that is sent at 60 interlaced frames each second representing 30 complete frames each second, and 1080p whereby the picture is broadcast at 1920X1080 pixels that is broadcast at 60 complete frames each second (howstuffworks.com, 2007b). Note: The above indicates the 525 horizontal line scans whereby each contains approximately 680 pixels. Each pixel represents one element of the picture and contains three areas of red, green and blue phosphor, which may be either rectangular or dots. The electron gun send out electron beams that strike the phosphors causing them to glow, with electromagnets located near the guns directing the beams in sequence to each pixel, with the broadcast signal providing information on how bright the phosphors should be made, at what time and in what sequence. As digital television broadcasting and digital audio broadcasting, DAB, are both based upon the electromagnetic wave principle, they work in the same manner, with DAB providing a broader range of digital channels that are not available on FM, as well as less hiss and interference, tuning to a station format or name and the support of scrolling radio text, MP3 playback and pause and rewind features (Scott, 1998, p. 9, 210). DVB-T represents the Euopean standard for broadcast of digital terrestrial television. DVB-T, or Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial, is a new system whereby the digital audio and video data stream is compressed by use of a OFDM modulation that utilizes concatenated channel coding (Levy, 2001, pp. 3-21). Al-Askary et al (2005) advise that OFDM utilizes convolutional coding that does not have capability to adapt to variations of fading properties of individual sub-channels, thus providing clear distortion freer signals and reception. In the DVB-T method when utilized by broadcasters the signals transmitted are sent from one aerial antenna to another using a signal blaster to the home receivers (White, 2007). The broadcast is transmitted utilizing a digital audio-video stream that is compressed, based on the MPEG-2 standard, which is the result of the combination of one or more ‘Pactetised Elementary Streams’ (Chiariglione, 2000). Note: In summary, the source coding are multiplexed into programme streams, with one or more of these joined to create a MPEG-2 Transpot Stream that is transmitted to set top boxes in the home. It can accommodate six to eightMHz wide channels. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), which is also termed ‘Eureka 147’ represents the technology employed for the broadcasting of audio through the use of digital radio transmmision (Huff, 2001, pp. 67-78). In order to achieve the sound reproduction quality attributable to DAB, the bit rate levels must be high enough for the audio codec in the MPEG Layer 2 to provide the quality inherent in the system, as well as high enough to enable the error correction coding (digitalradiotech.co.uk, 2007). Both the DAB as well as the DVB-T systems utilize ‘orthogonal frequency division multiplexing’ (OFDM) modulation, with each system being able to handle 1536 sub-carriers (digitalradiotech.co.uk, 2007). The DAB and DVB-T also use the QPSK singal constellation to modulate the subcarriers, and also use 2 bits per symbol which the signal constellations can transmit on each of the subcarriers (digitalradiotech.co.uk, 2007). DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) is particularly suited to utilization in multimedia transmission systems, such as sound, moving pictures and text along with data (Levy, 2001, p. 177). As a radio frequency signal, DAB’s ability in being picked up by radio receivers represents an advantage over DVB-T, whose mobile reception signal â€Å"†¦ is significantly affected by †¦Ã¢â‚¬  the fast changing nature of the transmission channel, thus it is needed to utilize two antennas on the received along with a more complex and â€Å"†¦ elaborate signal processing for †¦ channel tracking† (Lauterjung, 1999). And while DVB-T was developed orginally for stationary reception utilizing a roof-top directional antenna as well as a non-directional antenna contained on a portable receiver, it has been adapted for moble reception as indicated (Lauterjung, 1999). Recent developments in tests conducted in Germany as well as Singapore have shown that DBV-T can be utilized in mobile reception, however the drawback is battery life as a result of power consumption (dvb.org, 2004). HDTV, high-definition television, utilizes approximaetly ten times the amount of pixels as a standard analog television set, representing a high end 1920 X 1080 pixels, against an analog television set’s 704 X 480 pixels (Huf, 2001, pp. 140-141). The high resolution of HDTV requires greater bandwidth thus making broadcast operators make a major financial commitment to deploy the new standard (Brown and Picard, 2005, pp. 47-49). The deployment problem means that in order to make the system work with their current infrastructure, operators would have to reduce the number of channels being offered, a marketing and customer problem in that operators have built their competitive systems on offering a greater number of channel selections. Brown and Picard (2005, p. 336) advise â€Å"The significance of the SDTV/HDTV issue is that, because the transmission of HDTV requires much more spectrum than SDTV, a trade-off is involved for any DTV system between a greater number of SDTV channels and a smaller number of HDTV channels (currently 4 to 6 SDTV channels can be transmitted within the amount of spectrum required for one HDTV channel)†. In addition to the foregoing, there is a lack of uniform standards in â€Å"Standardization, compatibility, interoperability and application portability are essential pillars in the erection of a successful and competitive European digital television system† (Nolan, 1997, p. 610). The National Association of Broadcasters’ estimate that the cost of the new equipment to carry HDTV and retain the number of stations will be between $10 to $40 million based on the station size (Pommier, 1995). Deployment will represent a problem in that the wider TV format will be cut off on standard square type televisions thus necessitating consumers to switch to wide screen television receivers in addition to the special HDTV receiver need to watch high definition broadcasts which can be received over cable or satellite (Brown and Picard, 2005, pp. 110-115). The HD receiver being sold at  £299 by UK broadcaster BSkyB, along with an added  £10 for the service on top of the basic subscr iption charge are another example of the inhibiting factors in deployment O’Brien, 2006). HDTV basically represents what Dietrich Westerkamp who is the worldwide director of broadcast standards at the electronics giant Thomson, which is the largest European manufacturer of HD satellite receivers, calls â€Å"†¦ a chicken and egg situation† (O’Brien, 2006). The situation has been the case with HDTV in the United States as well as Europe, with broadcasters waiting to see enough purchasers of the new television sets before making the financial commitment concerning equipment changes, and consumers waiting to see stations available before making the financial commitment for the new HDTV sets. The answer could be coming from television manufacturers who are starting to turn out HD compatible sets. One such example is Samsung, who has announced that two-thirds of its flat panel production will be HD compatible (O’Brien, 2006). Something will be needed to help jump-start the HDTV situation as presently the size of the potential viewing audience is to sm all to justify the conversion expense, explains Rudi Kuffner, spokesperson for Germany’s largest broadcaster ARD (O’Brien, 2006). Conclusion Since the first television broadcast of face shapes by John Baird in 1924, and the first television broadcast in 1926 (Horvitz, 2002, p. 101) television has come a long way. The introduction of digital television and radio broadcasting in 2000 has increased the viewing experience in providing a broader array of channels, signal clarity and sound as well as giving broadcasters an expanded marketing option of more to offer consumers in a highly competitive market. The new flat panel television sets and digital broadcasting have expanded the ways in which consumers as well as broadcasters view the market. With mobile television systems and the new digital radio channels offering playback and other features, entertainment is getting another big boost. With the biggest new development, that has been around for over four years set to enhance broadcasting and viewing pleasure, when the financial justifications reach the investment levels. HDTV represents the next quantum leap in television despite all of its problems. Technology keeps improving the sphere of entertainment, and it is ultimately consumers who benefit. Bibliography Al-Askary, O., Sidiropoulos, L., Kunz, L., Vouzas, C., Nassif, C. (2005) Adaptive Coding for OFDM Based Systems using Generalized Concatenated Codes. Radio Communications Systems, Stockholm, Sweden Bogart, L. (1956) The Age of Television: A Study of Beijing Habits and the Impact of Television on American Life. Frederick Ugar Publishing. New York, United States Brown, A., Picard, R. (2005) Digital Terrestrial Television in Europe. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, N.J., United States Chiariglione, L. (2000) MPEG-2. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-2/mpeg-2.htm digitalradiotech.co.uk (2007) Comparison of the DAB, DMB DvB-H Systems. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.digitalradiotech.co.uk/dvb-h_dab_dmb.htm dvdaust.com (2007) Aspect Ratios. Retrieved on 30 March 2007 from http://www.dvdaust.com/aspect.htm dvb.org (2004) DVB-H Handheld. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.dvb.org/documents/white-papers/wp07.DVB-H.final.pdf Horvitz, L. (2002) Eureka! Stories of Scientific Discovery. Wiley, New York, United States howstuffworks.com (2007b) How Digital Television Works. Retrieved on 31 March 2007 from http://www.howstuffworks.com/dtv3.htm howstuffworks.com (2007a) Understanding Analog TV. Retrieved on 30 March 2007 from http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/dtv1.htm Huff, A. (2001) Regulating the Future: Broadcasting Technology and Governmental Control. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, United States Kiiski, A. (2004) Mobile Virtual Network Operators. Research Seminar on Telecommunications Business, Helsinki University of Technology Levy, D. (2001) Europe’s Digital Revolution: Broadcasting Regulation, the EU and Nation State. Routledge, London, United Kingdom Lawrence Berkeley National Lab (2004) Electromagnetic Spectrum. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.lbl.gov/MicroWorlds/ALSTool/EMSpec/EMSpec2.html Lauterjung, J. (1999) An enhanced testbed for mobile DVB-T receivers. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.rohde-schwarz.com/www/dev_center.nsf/frameset?OpenAgentwebsite=comcontent=/www/dev_center.nsf/html/artikeldvb-t Metallinos, N. (1996) Television Aesthetics: Perceptual, Cognitive, and Compositional Bases. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mahwah, New Jersey, United States Montgomery, H., Powell, J. (1985) International Broadcasting by Satellite: Issues of Regulation, Barriers to Communication. Quorum Books, Westport, CT., United States Nolan, D. (1997) Bottlenecks in pay TV: Impact on market development in Europe. Vol. 21, No. 7. Telecommunications Policy O’Brien (2006) Broadcasters shrink from taking HDTV leap. 30 August 2006 PBS.org. (2006b) Electronic TV. Retrieved on 30 March 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/opb/crashcourse/tv_grows_up/electronictv.html PBS.org (2006a) Mechanical TV. Retrieved on 30 March 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/opb/crashcourse/tv_grows_up/mechanicaltv.html PBS.org (2006b) Widescreen. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.pbs.org/opb/crashcourse/aspect_ratio/widescreen.html Pommier, G. (1995) High Definition Television (HDTV). Retrieved on 3 April 2007 from http://gabriel.franciscan.edu/com326/gpommier.html Scott, R. (1998) Human Resource Management in the Electronic Media. Quorum Books, Westport, CT, United States University of Toledo (2005) Television. Retrieved on 2 April 2007 from http://www.physics.utoledo.edu/~lsa/_color/31_tv.htm Weber, J. (1961) General Relativity and Gravitational Waves. Interscience Publishers, New York, United States White, D. (2007) What is DVB-T? Retrieved on 1 April 2007 from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-dvb-t.htm Winston, B. (1998) Media Technology and Society: A History From the Telegraph to the Internet. Routledge, London, United Kingdom

The Political Environment Of Business

The Political Environment Of Business Business environment consists of all those factors that have a bearing on the business, such as the strengths, weaknesses, internal power relations and orientations of the organization; government policies and regulations; nature of the economy and economic conditions; socio-cultural factors; demographic trends; natural factors; and, global trends and cross-border developments. Business Environment Interrelationship Any meaningful organization has certain mission, objectives and goals and a strategy to achieve them. Business environment has a bearing on the shaping of all these integral and interrelated elements. It is, therefore, only very appropriate that formulation of strategy is sometimes defined as establishing a proper firm environment fit. Indeed, the mission /objectives/goals themselves should be based on an assessment of the external environment and the organizational factors (i.e. the internal environment ). A SWOT analysis (analysis of the strength and weaknesses of the organization and opportunities and threats in the environment), therefore is one of the first steps in the strategic management process. Business dynamics , to a large extent , is a dependent factor it depends on , inter alia, the environmental dynamics . hence , the importance of environmental analysis . The external environment has , broadly , two components , i.e., business oppourtinities and threats to business . similarly , the organizational environment has two components : strengths and weaknesses of the organization .thus , strategy formulation is properly pitting th organizational factors (internal environment ) against the opportunities and threats in the external environment . In other words , business decisions are conditioned by two broad sets of factors , i.e., the internal environment and the external environment. Business Decision A SWOT analysis therefore is one of the first steps in strategic management process . business dynamics, to a large extent , is a dependent factor it depends on , inter alia , the environmental dynamics. Hence, there is a importance of environmental analysis . Types of environment On the basis of the extent of intimacy with the firm , the environmental factors may be classified in to different types or levels . as indicated above , there are , broadly two types of environment , the internal environment , i.e., factors internal to the firm and external environment , i.e., factors external to the firm which have relevance to it . The internal factors are generally regarded as controllable factors because the company has a control over these factors ; it can alter or modify such factors as its personnel , physical facilities , organization and functional means , such as marketing mix , to suit the environment . The external factors , on the other hand , are , by and large , beyond the control of a company. The external or environmental factors such as the economic factors , socio-cultural factors , government and legal factors , demographic factors , geo-physical factors etc., are , therefore, generally regarded as uncontrollable factors . It may , however , be noted that a firm may not sometimes have complete control over all the internal factors . also , it is some times possible to change certain external factors. Some of the external factors have a direct and intimate impact on the firm ( like the suppliers and distributors of the firm ) . these factors are classified as micro environment , also known as task environment and operating environment . there are other external factors which affect an industry very generally ( such as industrial policy , demographic factors , etc . ). They constitute what is called macro environment , general environment or remote environment . Business environment Dimock observes : the two most powerful institutions in society today are business and government ; where they meet on common ground-amicably or otherwise together they determine public policy , both foreign and domestic , for a nation The political environment includes factors such as the characteristics and policies of the political parties , the nature of constitution and government system and the government environment encompassing the economic and business policies and regulations . these factors may vary very considerably between different nations , between different provinces of the same nation and also over time. The major economic policy decisions often have political underpinnings. The adoption, in the early 1950s of the principle of socialist pattern of society as the socio-economic philosophy by the congress party, which ruled India until 1995 except for a brief period (1977-1980), was mainly responsible for the public sector dominated development strategy followed in india until the early 1990s. It is indeed the dramatic changes in the political environment in the erstwhile USSR and the East European countries that gave rise to drastic changes in their economic policies in the late 1980s. And these developments have encouraged a revolutionary change in Indias economic policies in 1991. Peter Drucker in the Management Challenges for the 21st century observes : Even within transactional economic units , national politics still over rule economic rationality despite the European economic community, for instance, it has proven all but politically impossible to close a totally redundant plant in Belgium and shift the work to a French plant of the same country only 30 miles away, but on the other side of a national border. Many political decisions have serious economic and business implications. The economic policy of ruling party is very important. In the past communists and other leftists favored state capitalism and were against private capital, particularly foreign. Important economic policies such as industrial policy, policy towards foreign capital and technology, fiscal policy and foreign trade policy are often political decisions. Business is an economic activity. But to be effective, business mangers, must also take into consideration the non-economic environment of business. One should give importance to politico-legal environment of business. The Government is a political institution, but it also serves a social purpose, it formulates and executes social policies , it provides the means of maximizing social benefits and minimizing social costs. In other words, the Government itself has a social value and culture. In the modern world, business of any type any structure and any size is often affected by Government polices, programmes and legislations. The Government has its own form, structure, style and ideology or outlook. Business has to organize its activity, and the businessmen have to define their respective business strategy and business tactics depending upon the nature of the Government at work . In other words, business policy decisions are designed according to the Governments overall policy and environment of the system. The ideology or philosophy or outlook of the government of every country enacts and executes a set of policies and programmes. few of the policies are being executed through legislations. The politico-legal environment constitutes the legislations and enactments, rules and regulations, systems and procedures, policies and plans, statements and announcements, directives and guidelines by the Government . To become a successful manger, one should take into considerati on the political environment of business, and then capitalize on the opportunity available in Business environment. The political environment of business consists of several critical elements, e.g., the nature and form of government, the ideology of the ruling party, the strength of the opposition, the role and responsibility of the bureaucracy, political stability, the effectiveness of the Government, its plans and programmes, the socio-economic legislations, and politico-legal institutions, etc. The political environment of business contains a number of critical elements: The Form Of Government Gone are the days of Laissez fare, government intervention to some extent in business activity every where in the world is a rule rather than an exception. So, the form and structure of the Government is a very crucial and decisive factor for the business sector. Following examples may be cited to illustrate this point. As it is said that in democracy such as in India , we have government of the people, by the people and for the people. Peoples participation is so important that even at the enterprise level, we seek workers participation in management, i.e., industrial democracy . Under a federal form of government, we tend to confine the authority of the Central Government with respect to the functional autonomy of the State Governments and, due to this, we allow both Central as well as State level public enterprises. In the same way, the principle of democratic decentralization, authorize even the local Government to collect some business taxes and spend money on local activities. Thus, the system of government and the structure of administration affects business. And in order to secure maximum favor from the existing Government, businessmen also create their own lobby and this factor partly decides whether the Government adopts pro business or anti business measures. For example , as India is a democratic country (or peoples government) , to help medium and small scale entrepreneurs , it has been undertaking several steps like setting up of banks and financial institutions; formulating various policies and schemes, etc. All such measures are specifically focused towards the promotion and development of medium and small scale entrepreneurs. The government (central and state ) has been taking active steps to promote entrepreneurship in various industry and service sectors. It has declared several policies and also implementing schemes and programmes to enhance the global competitiveness of small enterprises across the country. The Ideology Of The Ruling Party In a democratic set up, like in India, the ideology of the ruling party influences ownership , management structure and size of business. rightist inclination of a ruling party may formulate liberal pro-business policies, whereas a leftist bias of a ruling party will develop measures like nationalization and excessive centralization. So the ideology or outlook of the ruling party may help or hurt the core of business activity. Earlier, our government favored progressive income taxes and opposed unregulated business and finance. In recent years they followed centrist economic and social democratic agenda. But , today our ruling party focuses on neo-liberal policies which includes social liberalism secularism and free enterprise system with government regulations. Under the regime of Mr. P. V. Narasimham Rao and then finance minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, significant economic reforms were initiated and more stress was given on efficiency rather than equity considerations. This affected the work ethos in the day to day operations of public enterprises. In 1991 congress with its alliance introduced New Economic Policy in which they welcome the idea of privatization , which was discontinued by the BJP government under the leadership of then prime minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee . In 2004, again the privatization came into existence with the emergence of congress party. The Strength Of Opposition In a democracy opposition plays as vital role as the government. a government to work in a proper way and according to the will of the people, equally strong and sensible opposition is requisition. an opposition like this leads to the success of democracy like in England which the oldest democracy of the word. Usually , there is one strong political party is opposition which is the strength of democracy in that country. Under the two-party system, the party which gets an absolute majority forms the Government. Under the multi-party system, the party which gets a relative majority forms the Government with the collaboration or support of some other political parties. Others which do not command majority form the Opposition. The strength of the Opposition very often depends on whether or not the Opposition parties are united or divided. They may be ideological differences between parties but the Opposition must act as a whole, and the parties must rise above their ideological differences and should judge every move of the ruling party critically. in India there are a number of opposition parties. The effective working of opposition in democracy is very important. The opposition fastens the growth of the county and slow down its growth by untimely agitations. For example, the violent agitations in Gujarat, Bihar, Assam and Punjab resulted in great loss of life and propensity and failed entirely to gain their objectives which affects the working of business entities. So if the Opposition is fair, firm and consistent, it can make constructive criticism of Government polices affecting business. As a result, the Government cannot afford to act irresponsibly with regard to the business sector in the economy. Recently also, the Governments policy of foreign direct investment (FDI) in retail is wrongly criticized due to political reasons by opposition. Such kind of destructive approach is against the national interest. So in a democracy, an effective Opposition is as crucial as Government to protect, promote and regulate business in the best interest of society. Role And Responsibility Of Bureaucracy In any country , Government works through the bureaucracy. In a democratic set up, different parties may be voted in or out of the Government as and when elections are held. Even if the same party rules, thee is no guarantee that the same person will hold charge of a Ministry. Ministers change from time to time, but Government administration must continue without any break. This is where the bureaucracy comes in. bureaucracy is the permanent machinery of the Government, it is meant to keep the flow in Government operations in relation to both business and non-business sectors. In a system where the Government controls and regulates the business extensively, the bureaucracy is very powerful in enforcing Government rules and regulations, systems and procedures, licenses and restrictions. So the Businessmen, should, tend to oblige the bureaucracy in a number of ways. Role of bureaucracy in a country like India which is a developing country are: Policy Formulation- Formulation of Policy is the crucial function of political leaders or members. But the executives also have to play a vital role in it. They advise the ministers in policy making . Political leaders or members being amateurs cannot understand the technical complexities of laws and policies and hence depend upon the expert advice of professional civil executives. Policy Implementation This is the most essential and fundamental function of civil servants. They formulate and execute laws and policies to attain the goals of welfare state that is social equity, economic development, growth and so on Delegated Legislation- This is a quasi legislative function performed by the civil executives. Due to unavailability of time, pressure of work and increased complexities of legislation the legislative makes laws in raw form and delegate its power to the civil executives to make the full fledge bill . so in this sense civil executive makes bills ,rules and regulations, but within the boundary of the parent law that is enacted by the legislature. Delegated legislation is also known as executive legislation or subordinate legislation. Administrative Adjudication- This is a quasi judicial function performed by the civil executives. The civil executives settle disputes between the citizens and the state. There are Administrative Tribunals with judges who solves this dispute among citizens and the state. Examples of some of the tribunals in India are : the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Industrial Tribunals, Rent Tribunals and Railway Rates Tribunals. These tribunal functions beyond the ordinary court system. In addition to the above, the civil executives also performs the following functions-Administrative planning, administration of public enterprises ,handling financial operations etc. When the Government introduced liberalization in 1991 i.e., relaxation of rules and regulations, streamlining of systems and procedures, control turns out to be redundant and meaningless. At that time the bureaucracy finds that it is going to loose its age old role and responsibility of enforcing controls, as the same has happened with economic reforms. Powerlessness is a terrible situation for the bureaucracy. So they opposed towards liberalization. The bureaucracy enjoys imposition and execution of controls and regulations and the subject of controls and regulations had profound implications for business. For example, professional management of quite a few of our public enterprises has become a perpetual tussle between bureaucrats and technocrats. Politico-legal institutions Business and economic policies are statutorily enforced through laws. Various socio-economic legislations are subject to business operation which constitutes the legal environment. In todays scenario there are so many laws that are prevailing which can affects the business operations and it is required by the modern businessmen to have a basic knowledge regarding law and he needs legal advice constantly. Today business is more a kind of a legal contract rather than a social contract. Business laws are numerous in number and various in form. The laws are enacted to protect the business interests of various groups in society. The laws are needed to protect consumers, workers, mangers, owners, shareholders and society at large. There are many business legislations such as MRTP,FERA, IDRA etc. The order is maintained in the industrial economy through the above said legislations . Industrial order and harmony is essential for survival and expansion of business. Laws are not only meant to protect the business but sometimes it also creates the business. for example in Tax laws , more the number of operations of business ,the more the complications of tax laws the more will be the business of tax consultants. Thus economic legislations and business environment are interdependent on each other. Last but not the least, the legal institutions also plays a crucial role as a part of the noneconomic environment of business. The organs of the Government effects functioning of the legislative, executive and judicial business environment directly and indirectly in all manners. The above said organs run through organizations and institutions. The judiciary functions through organizations and institutions. For example, in India the judiciary runs through the Supreme Court, the High Courts and the lower courts. Unless these courts function efficiently, adjudication of business matters, will be at stake. For example , unless the police department acts with vigilance, the economic offences in a country will increase. The successful operation of business depends upon cooperation and coordination between number of Government departments like DGTD, DGS D BPE, etc. Sometimes, business suffers because of inter-ministerial or inter-departmental conflict. To avoid this kind of conflict, very often coordinating cells are created. Efficient working of the cells will helps in running business prosperously without constraints, otherwise, red-tapism, procedural delay, excessive centralization, lack of dedication and absence of departmental coordination will frustrate business activity.

The United States, the United Nations, and Global Human Rights Essay

The United States Positioning as a World Superpower: Its Subsequent Influence in the United Nations and Views Regarding Human Rights â€Å"America stands at this moment at the summit of the world.† -Winston Churchill, 1945 As World War II came to a close, a new need for an international peacekeeping organization became apparent in order to maintain peaceful relations among nations in the post-World War II era. The United Nations (UN) came into effect on October 24, 1945 for this very purpose and also â€Å"to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small†. One of the leading organs of the UN, the Security Council (UNSC), was given â€Å"primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security† and held its first session on January 17, 1946. The United States was overwhelming supportive and instrumental in the construction of the UNSC as compared to their post-WWI refusal to support the League of Nations, an organization similar in structure to that of the UNSC. The United States decision to reject the League of Nations after WWI was seen as a contro versial move to the rest of the world. It reinstated the U.S.’s isolationist foreign policy when the world was seeking for their cooperation in the maintenance of post-WWI peace. However by rejecting the League in 1919, the United States conversely benefited as it led them to be more influential in the creation and administration of the United Nations Security Council. The United Nations and its Security Council worked cooperatively with the U.S. post-WWII. However, in the last few decades, it can be seen that the values of the United States have grow... ...edia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_ Lodge> Hiscocks, Richard. The Security Council: A Study in Adolescence. London: Longman Group Limited, 1973. Luck, Edward C. Mixed messages: American politics and international organization, 1919-1999. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999. Nicol, Davidson. The United Nations Security Council: Towards Greater Effectiveness. New York: UNITAR, 1982. â€Å"Rules of Procedure,† The UN Security Council. functions.html> Schlesinger, Stephen C. Act of creation: the founding of the United Nations: a story of superpowers, secret agents, wartime allies and enemies, and their quest for a peaceful world. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2003. The Covenant of the League of Nations. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. May 24, 2005. The United States, the United Nations, and Global Human Rights Essay The United States Positioning as a World Superpower: Its Subsequent Influence in the United Nations and Views Regarding Human Rights â€Å"America stands at this moment at the summit of the world.† -Winston Churchill, 1945 As World War II came to a close, a new need for an international peacekeeping organization became apparent in order to maintain peaceful relations among nations in the post-World War II era. The United Nations (UN) came into effect on October 24, 1945 for this very purpose and also â€Å"to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small†. One of the leading organs of the UN, the Security Council (UNSC), was given â€Å"primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security† and held its first session on January 17, 1946. The United States was overwhelming supportive and instrumental in the construction of the UNSC as compared to their post-WWI refusal to support the League of Nations, an organization similar in structure to that of the UNSC. The United States decision to reject the League of Nations after WWI was seen as a contro versial move to the rest of the world. It reinstated the U.S.’s isolationist foreign policy when the world was seeking for their cooperation in the maintenance of post-WWI peace. However by rejecting the League in 1919, the United States conversely benefited as it led them to be more influential in the creation and administration of the United Nations Security Council. The United Nations and its Security Council worked cooperatively with the U.S. post-WWII. However, in the last few decades, it can be seen that the values of the United States have grow... ...edia.org/wiki/Henry_Cabot_ Lodge> Hiscocks, Richard. The Security Council: A Study in Adolescence. London: Longman Group Limited, 1973. Luck, Edward C. Mixed messages: American politics and international organization, 1919-1999. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999. Nicol, Davidson. The United Nations Security Council: Towards Greater Effectiveness. New York: UNITAR, 1982. â€Å"Rules of Procedure,† The UN Security Council. functions.html> Schlesinger, Stephen C. Act of creation: the founding of the United Nations: a story of superpowers, secret agents, wartime allies and enemies, and their quest for a peaceful world. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2003. The Covenant of the League of Nations. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. May 24, 2005.

Speak Your Mind: The Censorship Controversy In American Culture :: essays research papers fc

On a rainy morning in Detroit, Michigan, a twenty-something year old man by the name of Marshall Mathers awakes to hear a pounding on his front door. After muttering a few obscene phrases, he rolls out of bed and stumbles to his front door. However, instead of facing another autograph seeker, the rapper best known by his alias Eminem (or the real Slim Shady) is face to face with two police officers. â€Å"Mr. Mathers,† one says, â€Å"we’re here to serve you with an arrest warrant. You have subjected much of America’s population to obscenity, homophobic comments, sexism, and racism, and frankly, it offends many people. We don’t want culture to face your type of commentary any more. You have the right to remain silent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Needless to say, this scenario would never occur in the American democracy of the present. However, many in America today are advocating censorship to such an extreme that someday events such as this may become a reality. And, though time and time again court cases have ruled against censorship, many continue to fight to limit free speech in America. However, in restraining what the constitution guarantees, there is much at stake. Although many argue that censorship is necessary to protect America’s citizens, it violates one’s freedom of speech found in the First Amendment and should therefore not be practiced. Granted, there are many reasons for advocating censorship that could be justified. Much material that is available in magazines, at the movie theater, and on the internet is considered by many to be extremely offensive. For example, the rock band Rage Against the Machine at times seems to glorify violence. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, the Columbine High School gunmen, were fond of this band, and some of Rage Against the Machine’s lyrics have been assumed to have inspired the boys’ violent act. In many cases, evil can be advocated in forms of speech, causing many to believe that in order to prevent wrong from prevailing, censorship must be practiced with a fervor. In his essay â€Å"Censorship Can Be Beneficial,† Thomas Stork says, â€Å"Now if we can identify certain evils, and if advocacy of those evils seems likely to encourage people to commit them, then why should we not take the next and logical step and prohibit such advocacy†¦ Must the authorities be helpless to restrain the source of the evil?† (20) This statement is a logical one, for one of the American government’s greatest concerns is protecting its citizens from violent acts.

Rational Choice :: Economics

Rational Choice --------------- In the past century, philosophers and social scientists have given theories of individual and interactive decision making a rigorous foundation. Indeed, contemporary decision and game theory have revolutionized our understanding of rational choice in ways that parallel the concurrent revolution in philosophical logic. Carnegie Mellon's philosophy department is recognized as one of the foremost departments in the world in decision and game theory. Primary research at Carnegie Mellon in decision and game theory focuses on the foundations of Bayesian decision theory, interactive knowledge concepts and their applications in game theory and equilibrium selection in games. Decision theory is motivated to a large extent by the consequentialist, and especially the utilitarian, traditions in moral philosophy. To bring about the best consequences, one must know what they are. From the beginning, both critics and defenders of moral consequentialism raised skeptical doubts about the possibility of ever deriving a satisfactory procedure for rank ordering alternatives so as to identify the best choice. In the special case of utilitarianism, the great 19th century utilitarians John Stuart Mill and Henry Sidgwick themselves thought that an exact calculus of utility that would enable societyÈs members to know precisely how to produce the greatest overall welfare might not be possible. Any proposal for a utilitarian calculus raises two fundamental questions: (1) How are quantities of utility to be ascribed to alternatives in a nonarbitrary way?, and (2) How are likelihoods to be ascribed to alternatives in a nonarbitrary way? A decision theory based upon utility is intimately related to theories of probability, which are needed for the calculation of expected consequences. In 1926, Frank Ramsey presented a monumental essay Truth and Probability, which laid the cornerstones of contemporary decision theory. Ramsey proved a representation theorem that enables one to derive both quantitative utilities and probabilities over alternatives that uniquely cohere with one's qualitative preferences over these alternatives. The work of Ramsey and his successors, most notably Leonard Savage, has resulted in modern Bayesian decision theory, which provides a precise account of how to choose so as to maximize expected utility. This work has also sparked a great flowering of alternative decision theories, some of which generalize Ramsey's and Savage's treatments and some of which constitute alternatives to standard Bayesian decision theory. Game theory considers cases in which decision problems interact. The mathematician John von Neumann and the economist Oskar Morgenstern established game theory as an important branch of social science in 1944 with the publication of their treatise Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Von Neumann and Morgenstern presented a precise mathematical account of situations in which agents make interdependent decisions. To be sure, von Neumann and Morgenstern had intellectual precursors. In the 1910s and 1920s, the mathematicians Ernst Zermelo

Looking for Mr. Right

Most single people in every society around the world have one thing in common. We are all looking for a partner that we can marry. Every society has its method on how we choose a spouse. The Indians have arranged marriages, the Chinese have online dating websites, and the Americans have social gatherings. All of the methods are different but do we find the the perfect partner? While on a field trip, Serena Nanda, met many young singles that was in the process of being arranged for marriage.She couldn’t understand, why these young men and women weren’t reluctant and against the idea of them being married off to a complete stranger that their parents picked. In America we are not used to the term arranged marriage. In an American society, we marry someone we choose, are attracted, and love. Whereas in china they have online dating where they choose from many profiles online and chat through emails which then leads to meeting in person and finally getting married. In India n culture arranged marriages have been the norm for many centuries and almost all marriages are arranged.Serena Nanda, met this young intelligent college graduate name Sita. She had been waiting close to over a year for her parents to pick someone whom she would marry. Sita believed, marriage is so important that it should not be left to them, inexperienced people, to choose. It's so important that she left it in the hands of her parents. While, Americans would say, â€Å"we who are getting married would know best. † Since we are going to be spending the rest of our life we should know whom we would get along with or whom we love.In contrast, Gong Haiyan is a college educated chinese women, who does not have the luxury of having a option between arranged marriage or of choosing for herself. If it was up to her parent to pick a partner for her they would be able to find someone whom she would be interested . And if it was up to her to find someone. She didn’t have time and like she said, â€Å"I didn’t know a soul in the city. † The only option she had was online dating. This method is a relatively a new form of finding a love. In a Chinese society of 1. billion people separated from love by â€Å"three towering mountains,†with no social scenes, no time, and no connections. China’s online dating solves all these problems. With a couple minutes they can create a profile in a online dating website with little or no money and be connected to other singles. Online dating is designed to help provide an efficient way for people to meet potential partners and to get to know them through emails. Eventually you narrow down your options and if you connect then you get married. This method has worked and many Chinese have found a spouse and are happy.Gong Haiyan and many other found their spouse through online dating are married. For Americans dating takes place in social gatherings. Social gatherings can be co-ed softball teams, bars, parties, churches or libraries where people with similar interests can meet and socialize. The process of dating in America is called traditional dating in a social scene. It starts by asking a man or woman of interest out on a traditional date. Usually Americans ask out on several dates to dinners, dances or movies and get’s to further explore the relationship and person he or she is.You get to know that person’s character and personality through dating and if a friendship is developed then it can lead to a romantic relationship and hopefully lead to marriage. Whereas in India they rely on the parents guidance, they decide if the match is suitable and only then will the bride and groom have a say. They won’t compel their child to marry a person whom they dislike. If the match is refused by one only then will another be sought. The process of looking for a partner for their child is not easy. It may take years to find the right match.Arranged marriage, onl ine dating and traditional dating have many similarities but yet at the same time have many differences. Arranged marriages in India have made me realize just how picky marriage are. In India marriage is not just important between the individuals but also important between the family. They need to know the bride’s characteristics to see if she will get along with the family of the groom. Once married the bride will move in with the groom’s family and she needs to get along or she can find it very difficult. In the end all they want is someone that has a good personality that the family could get along.Whereas in China and America they don't pay attention to the bride or groom getting along with the family because they are not expecting to move in with the In-laws. For this reason family relationship is overlooked and is not a priority. Another major difference is how divorce is looked at. In India family reputation is so important that a divorce is still a scandal. And in China and America, divorce is just looked as normal. It happens when two individuals lose interest in each other or when they no longer are happy. In America when one is in love with someone, we don't care if someone in the household was divorced.It has no weight. In India if someone in the household was divorced it puts the whole family in a negative light and it makes hard to get re-married. In every society single people are looking for someone to marry. In India the parents of the bride and groom are focused in finding the right partner. In China online dating tend to focus on finding a husband or wife and in America oneself looks for a prospective partner. In the end the methods are different but the end result is the same, they all find a husband or wife but did they make right decision? Only time will tell.

Frankenstein Blade Runner

Frankenstein Blade Runner move Analyse how Frankenstein and Blade Runner imaginatively portray individuals who challenge the established set of the time. In your response, refer to both excerpts below. i) Slave, I before reasoned with you, nonwithstanding you allow proved yourself unworthy of my condescension. Remember that I corroborate powers, you believe yourself miserable, unless I usher out make you so low that the light of day will be hateful to you. You be my designer, unless I am your master-obey ii) the still of Roy place Tyrells faceThrough the relationship amidst the pillow slips of victor and his creature, Shelley challenges nineteenth century set rough the agency of accomplishment, the benefits of competition and fame and the dominance of constitution by man. in addition Scott develops the char identification numberers of Roy and Tyrell to challenge the equivalent assumptions about intuition and reputation save he does so in a context of tec hnological suppuration that allows multinational spates to exploit on a considerable scale. Both texts to a fault explore the large issue of forgiving values, asking what possible lies in a compassionate and whether we usher out readily define homosexual being nature.In Shelleys smart, skippers portrayal challenges the assumptions of the foregoing eighteenth century that the progress of intuition is the most important human pursuit. He is the The modern Prometheus a Greek fab human who stole fire from the gods and brought it bandaging to earth. This story like Shelleys distrusts the benefits and consequences of ambition. In Shelleys Romantic context science is seen as a threat towards nature and Shelley conveys this threat through the hubris of pass call.Shelley explores passe-partouts unreasoning ambition to penetrate into the recesses of nature and show how she whole kit and boodle in her hiding-places. Victors character is seen as egoistical and his ambitio n is fueled by egotistical reasons A saucy species would bless me as its occasion and sourcewould owe their being to me. Victors character is preoccupy to the point of moral blindness but when the creature is not perfect it right a behavior turns to hatred. Shelleys visitry suggests decay alternatively than new disembodied spirit. I saw the muffle yellow eye of the creature able How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe.This characterisation of Victor and his lose of morals and blind ambition are all warnings against science and its unbounded progression. Similarly Roys confrontation with Tyrell, his creator, explores the powerful consequences of compete god with genetics, a new frontier of scientific experimentation. Scott challenges the established values, which worship science and the put ons it can bring. Scott portrays Tyrells character as god-like, through the use of cinematic techniques, costume design and lighting. He is film from high angled shots em powering him in closely every scene.Scott uses a series of shots of Tyrell gage over shadowing Los Angeles to build the image of Tyrells power and how much it dominates all. This corporation fueled by ambition is connect to the issues relevant to Scotts context, the drive of the capitalistic demesne and what the consequences may be if this ambition is not met with moral guidance. Scott uses costume design, with the summary lensed glasses as a allegory for Tyrells moral blindness. The motif of eyes, utilise throughout the film, encounter the window to the mind and Scott is saying that Tyrells window is damaged.Tyrell and Roy couple in Tyrells palace- like room, Tyrell is appareled in a huge magnificent robe with candles bathing the room in a golden light, contrasting with the put on incandescent light that dominates the movie. Like Frankensteins creature, Roy has been do physically and chastely surpassing to Tyrell his creator. In this scene the audience sees the exco gitation come back to end the creator and the topic that science has progressed so far-off that is supersedes its creators is seen. This asks questions about the direction science should ear in.Through the development of Victor and the creatures relationship, questions are raised about the responsibilities of the creator and what values make us human. Victor makes a creature that he abandons to the bitter world where he is not understood. This shapes the way the creature is developed and supports the blank intend idea of Shelleys context. Shelley challenges the values that accept we are born with a original fate and those who are bad be bad lives. She puts forward the Enlightenment idea that military man are ll born with the latent to be good. Shelly shows this through the relationship between Victor and the creature, who both need lie with and compassion aspects of human nature that are tending(p) through nurture. The creature had been resourceful of impulsive acts of kindness as he rescues a child from the river and does acts of kindness for the De Laceys. Shelley uses this to represent the potential for good in human nature and that people are not predetermined but can be turned to evil if neglected I was benevolent and good misery made me a fiend.These are the results of Victors blind ambition, self pity and disregard for his responsibilities, all unfavorable aspects of human nature. With neglect, the creature is doomed to and queue up pleasure in the acts of hate towards Victor, but even these acts are not hearty as he is morally just, causing the creature to be constantly unhappy. Similarly, Roys development from a child-like selfishness to maturity, capable of wonder and compassion, challenges the belief that science can throw its creations and that they are only valuable for profit.Tyrells corporation represents the greed and ambition that drives the world of Scotts context, it represents the negative consequence of a world bent on profit at the expense of moral justness. The commercialization of science is seen as profitable, but as Scott shows, commercialization of science doesnt wear into account the act of giving life and the responsibility due to the creation, it only works on profits and losses and as a result, the replicants are seen as a quantity. When science is commercialized, greed and ambition blind the morals that science needs.Scott shows this through the act of Roy, like Shelleys creature, killing his creator, in revenge for neglect. The replicants ability to absorb visualize and change, challenges the values that assume humans are the supreme measure of everything. Scott draws upon modern psychology to portray the replicants development as a means of discussing human nature, Ironically the grandeur replicant Roy proves Tyrells slogan More human than human when he gradually develops into a better human being than the humans themselves. Roy is firstly portrayed as a child as he heed J. Fs to ys and plays a configuration of hunting game with Deckard.Like the creature Roy is new to life and emotionally inexperienced, but through his development of memories and experiences, he constrains human, learning empathy and sack out. This development in the replicants emotions is a strong parallel to the creature with the effectuate of neglect and the ability to be morally educated. The four-year life span is a obligate against emotional development triggered by experience. Memories given to the replicants are creations that allow for control If we exhibit them the past we create a impact or pillow for their emotions and consequently we can control them better. Roys development of love and compassion is expressed with Pris, this is shown through his cry and stuttering over her name after she has been killed. Roy also develops empathy which is seen in saving Deckard. Scott uses Roys monologue to fully express to the audience how Roy has become human. He does this through d iscourse all these moments will be muzzy in time, like tears in rain expressing loss and a rely to preserve memory. Through the metaphor of the descend ascending into the heavens, his spirit is released through the only living creature seen in the movie.Both the novel Frankenstein, and the film Blade Runner imaginatively portray individuals who challenge the established values of the time both discuss the role of science, the benefits of ambition and fame and the importance of nurture. The characterization and the development of relationships between creator and creature holds the key in both texts to not only challenging the contemporary values of the nineteenth and 20th century, but also issues and question about life and humans that have been dwelled upon over many centuries.