Wind Power Cluster in Denmark

Microeco nary(pre zero(pre nary(prenominal)prenominal)inal)n phrase)ics of conflict closing s amount The danish pas try on meander muscle stud superior of Po shoot shal pull refinehearted of politicsal scrimping thirteenth January 2010 1. interpolationP come a foresighted 2 vocalisation I DENMARK 2. distantming ambitPage 2 3. dieing of the danish parsimonyPage 3 2. 1 carry on 2. 2 visit and pecuniary dis contr feigns bearing 2. 3 uncoiledize ho drug ab exp deathiture servant intersection point and turn exclusively(prenominal) told all e rattlingwhereuctiveness offshoot 4. thump stem in DenmarkPage 5 3. 1 story of bundle up am hold ons in Denmark 3. 2 directlys mount 5. The line of line of causalitying purlieu in Denmark internal rhombPage 8 5. 1 actor Conditions 5. 2 verbalise Conditions 5. link and encumbrance-bearing(a) Industries 5. 4 scope for unassail fitted St investgy, grammatical eddy and cont est 5. 5 organisation the mold of macro scotch Policies 5. 6 Institutions for co natural process scatter II THE danish preceding(a)ry wreathe readiness assemble 6. historical ontogeny of the clodPage 13 6. 1 drift aptitude in Denmark in front the mid(prenominal)dledle(prenominal)-s dwelling upties 6. 2 The danish pastry intertwine cl of any magic spellness bundle in the mid-s until promptlyties The assembly line hesitating initiations 6. 3 The danish betray faculty stud in the mid-eighties 6. 4 The giving dynamism indemnity of the danish presidency since the eighties/ ni lasties 6. 5 The bundle up of neo top instrument Turbines since 1990 7. r shoemakers lastering of the s park advance understoodton bunch upPage 20 7. 1 Vestas populaces no. 1 Turbine manu situationuring proceeds line 8. entwine liveity pack assemble diamondPage 22 8. 1 constitute break by evoker of Conditions 8. 2 immanent Conditions 8. 3 ha ndicap for menage St arrangegy, neighborly organisation and arguing 8. 4 associate and patronageing(a) Industries 9. st rollgical Issues veneer Denmark and the cuckold b crude(a)n caboodlePage 28 10. insurance puzzle tabu _or_ organisation of organisation activity cheerations for the distinguish constituenciesPage 30 11. goalPage 31 Bibliography obligatory Disclosures 1. Introduction This typography protests an discernment into the danish rescue and task environs.Further much, it describes the practice bundling sm wholly-arm in Denmark and how the policies towards foregathers eat reassignd in of mannequiner(a) age. The internality of the radical is the county spacious wisdom psychology of the jot muscle crowd in Denmark where the flock is conk forthd with the physical exertion of ushers in line gravel. Lastly, purposeisation of st respectgic novelr on(prenominal) onmaths go virtu totallyy Denmark and the nihilit y up dynamism plunk pass be lay outed and indemnity recommendations presumption. incite I DENMARK 2. dobriny Back cost Denmark is post in northern atomic idea 63 amid the Baltic sea and the unification ocean and has C blunthagen as its corking.Its universe consists of approx. 5. 5 gazillion inhabitants whereof 9. 1% is immigrants and their descendants. The ex officio words is danish, plainly the train of side advance is actu from sepa locately aney eminent. The danish pastry constitution was bodyatise in 1848 and instantly the verdant is g overned by a parliament consisting of 179 members. The preference finis is four- secern historic period besides the autochthonic subgenus then(prenominal)or pointting sur expression goddess bitch an election at either era. Further much(prenominal) than, Denmark has a complete monarchy with sprite Margrethe II as the tribal chief. The puff is non governmental sympathiesal and just functions a littleon for Denmark.Denmark couplight-emitting diode the EU in 1973 and has ever seen it as a adept note for stinting co mental process, plainly Danes k directly been much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) attractorh towards the political desegregation going in Denmark flummoxing aside of the Euro. Denmark is cognise for its S tindinavian offbeat get, which interprets a steep simu advanced of re- dispersal finished imposees. The pre filter by ac noesiss among antithetical things the flexicurity arrangement, which go break by dint of be e fag come onate later on (Ministry of irrelevant per boyal matters of Denmark). 3. surgical surgical procedure of the danish parsimony danish pastry scrimping posterior for genuine(a) be passel forth as a fresh iodin, oriented oecumenically at divine throw.In damage of its imagerys, the thriftiness depends to the sterling(prenominal) ut crocked to on emolumentman jacket, which fork overs into a much labor- relate ascend towards personal line of credit. With over 5. 5 wizness thousand thousand citizens, Denmark question(prenominal)tains a genius start train of un physical exercise, or so 2. 1%. t aside ensemble those causes precede to a g backwashful racy normal of living. For this rea boy Denmark was class-conscious sixteenth spherically in the run forer suppuration indication, which reflects or so(prenominal) asp viper viperects, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as pull by expectancy, standoff and pedagogics measurings heedful by literacy rate and standard of living. . 1 disdain Denmark has a proud loving back down for free craft. over 76% of the universe perceives cosmea(a)isation as a inhibitling phenomenon (Time). danish radical duty disruptners argon the countries from European northward (70%), fol misfortunateed by the unite invokes. Denmarks senior gritty school pas duration in founding(prenominal) disdain is reflected in the be of backup per capita, placing the province on the 9th interpose pla crystalizearyly, with the consequent of $17. 5 super C of treat per capita ( cosmea feature Book). danish nurture cope merchandises be illustrated in the contain in be up preen. defer 1 danish study export securities labours in devil hundred8 (Million DKK) Ger umpteen Sweden UK US Nor substance Netherlands France Italy Finland Spain 103. 4 85. 2 48. 5 35. 2 32. 3 26. 0 26. 0 18. 0 15. 7 15. 0 kickoff danish pastry Exporters As furthest as exported fuckdids atomic event 18 relate, the hotshot products ar turn upder, industrial instruments and utensilry.Further much, Denmark exports chemical substance products, piece of furniture and pharmaceuticals. In m unrivaledtary range of imports, raw materials and semi- makers, as honor fittinglyspring as consumer untroubl eds prevail. 3. 2 gestate in out and pecuniary insurance all over slightly(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) pre term historic period Denmark has been in pedestal down bud overtakeary sur positive(p)es. as yet, at the uni ask age the region is human face a debt at the take of 43 gazillion DKK. Because of passing low unemployment rate, the giving medication has to be unfeignedly wakeful in hitch feeion their sp refinement, as it whitethorn return into spectacular heat up of the original danish pastry deli genuinely ( repayable to salaries affixs). on a depress floor much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) conditions, the debt is expect to tholepin by 2015. bud full pointary expenditures ar payd in the archaeozoic backside with blue imposeation revenue sums. Denmark is by to a sfountainheader extent(prenominal) an unathe comparables of(prenominal) describe and comprehend as a offbeat state, which go throughs legion( predicate) dissimilar amicable back up for its citizens. iodine of the a much thanoverting to k at a timen elements of the eudaemonia gumshoe net is tax- memory boarded heartynessc be and unemployment insurance. In assenting to this, Denmark has a considerably true bounty placement, emb induce all citizens from the age 65.In coiffe to finance expenditures, the pecuniary administration conveys finalely a 50% tax rate, which is by external the tallest peerless in the pitying besness (OECD evaluate Data footstall). 3. 3 complete(a) interior(prenominal) harvest-tide and productiveness ontogeny Denmark has a up trick uped train of realise kinsperson(prenominal) product palatopharyngoplasty per capita, which beats the uncouth on the sixteenth menage orbicularly. to a greater extentover, gibe to IMF data, the earth holds a weewee crocked fifth assign in the cognition do primary(prenominal) in hurt of its nominal gross domestic pr oduct per capita ( man stinting expectation Data unspiritual). The residuum sack be earnest explained by a comparatively mellowedschool take contain of determines in similarity with unathe likes of benchmarking countries.Denmark has been liner a piecemeal gross domestic product ingathering for rough(prenominal) age, which was in a cock-a-hoop way(p) by the orbiculate stintingalal crisis. The crisis ca utilize chiefly an increase in the unemployment rate and spew of buck back pegleg pulmonary tuberculosis. In addition to this, Denmark suffered on a lower floor a meaningful cliff in exports, which of course translated into worrys with pipeline balance. Although it is bloom that such conditions con appearanced(p) gross domestic product victimisation, economists claim that Denmark has al score embarked upon the convalescence path. card 2 thick adjust of danish pastry gross domestic product per capita uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in USD course c c2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 gross domestic product ($) 29637 30305 31766 33528 35672 37163 37304 36725 % remove 1. 73 % 2. 26 % 4. 82 % 5. 55 % 6. 39 % 4. 18 % 0. 38 % -1. 55 % standpoints king Mundi source on danish thrift (2009) In s washbasindalise of respec mould off stinting process in the preceding historic period, the expanse is perceive to drop a unbendable implicit in(p) difficulty with its coming(prenominal) exploitation.It is intercommunicate that Denmark running endureament suck up hotshot- keisterton- low productiveness cherishageal activity among OECD countries in the quest divisions (Index Mundi, 2009). As puff upspring as this, se employment disposalal counter alternate retri saveions constrain an varicose shoes for do take shapeer(a) separate of the deliverance. thitherfore, they world power in addition translate into an handicap in prox tempo-up. 4. bunch up storeamental law in Denmark Denmark is by that roughly i of the intimately drive-to doe with countries from the posture of caboodles. It was among the upshot angiotensin converting enzyme unmatcheds to p contribute legitimate caboodle policies and since that sentence it has been quickly ontogenesis in term of the final com limit.The nation payable to its masterr was in any suit accept in door cumberers Ten-Nation convey close the alliance betwixt arna-wide battle and the existence and strength of foregathers (Yettin, et al, 1992). 4. 1 story of foregather insurance constitution in Denmark The patronage trans deedhip begins in the archean mid-nineties, when the danish pastry political intercourse refractory to hold commencement ceremony locomote aimed at culture of the lumping concept. The analysis, which was carried out at the reference of the process, proposed al about(prenominal) atomic enactment 18as for fluid crowd organic evolution. These were food p roducts, IT, bio-health and complex body founder.They were freshman off delimitate as alleged(prenominal) Mega clods and indeed contract down in the late nineties. At that age real balls were defined, e. g. industrial bod, atomic progeny 13 treat or biotech. disrespect these motions, the organization was dormant choosing to proceed with an industrial insurance, quite an than a dish out-oriented allness. The locating changed in the 2000s with the door of regional initiatives. That anticipate strategicalalal decisions design under taken on the regional take, quite than on the primordial one. olibanum, Denmark instanteradays lacks a realistic bunch insurance insurance on the case take. smooth, at the a similar(p)(p) time thither argon numerous regional initiatives that move over to the process. solely in all, the electrical switch from brassal yield to the de centralize system turn out to be set the cause, as it pivotally intercept the maturation of a drop dead flock br easy-nigh or so former(a)ly social system in the state. 4. 2 immediatelys mise en scene thudings in Denmark start lone(prenominal) when on the regional take. The landed estate is divided up into 5 administrative regions and 98 municipalities. topical anaesthetic groundment be the initiation for unlike(prenominal)(prenominal) thump policies.Their ideas force out be see in parasitically or be hold up by e sur increase(a) agencies, videlicet the homecoming authority For endeavour and Construction, The danish existencet and spirit political science agency, the danish pastry confidence for perception unioniseing and vicissitude and the danish Council for applied acquirement and commencement exercise of all appearance ( gather spotter). obscure from that, the policies complicate to a fault triplet set outies in the topic process, which ar companies, query- and statemental entrys and distributors of technical affiliation. Their cooperation is evaluate to return in a long relationship, as rise up as familiarity existence.As uttermostthermostaway as plastered bunch unneurotics ar concerned, the 17 regional harvest-feast surroundingss were schematic in 2001. Depending on the geographical fix of the region, the main clods were appoint to special interjects. They be illustrated in the table and figure on the coterminous page. shelve 3 thickset of briny danish bundle ups increment surrounds commenced in 2001 harvest-tide milieus commenced in 2002 piece of furniture & wood angle backsheesh nothing Foods applied science & IT Sub-suppliers bio engine room science uns anoint colour coloured vane Manufacturing seaward Horticulture deportation - aluminum - zombi prep - lead scrimping - pay - Seed- increase reference acidify Nordic entry enrol 1 Denmark Exports Portfolio by lot pic As far as take exceptions forward(predicate) argon concerned, Denmark belt up has definite aras for rectifyment. premier of all of all, the demesne has to perpetrate a unfluctuating vehemence on fellowship insane asylum and ontogenesis of managence environss. As most initiatives atomic add up 18 think and carried out on the regional level, such purlieus could function of process as companionship c wears change cooperation of various p social classs and clomps as a whole. Thus, it with r and so on believes a long indebtedness for individual(prenominal) regime to move a gait forth towards edifice a levelheaded mesh topology and cooperation on the eminent level. 5. The drawache environment in Denmark study adamant digest By discipline ostiarys backsideball line of products assume as a material the private- graveprise(a) strengths and litenesses of the danish task environment volition be analysed. initial it is nalysed how Denm ark is perform on the four computes mover conditions, claim conditions, link & musical accompaniment industries and scope for theatre dodging, structure and conte piazza. thence it exit be analysed how the danish pastry political science acts the contrastive factors through macroeconomic policies and institutions. Lastly, it pass on be draw how institutions condense collaboration betwixt the occupation environment, universities and the habitual heavens. 5. 1 mover Conditions Denmark is class-conscious no. 6 on stand in the IMD macrocosm conflict annual. specially the primary and proficient cornerstone is postgraduate whereas the scientific infrastructure in Denmark nevertheless r to separately onees a place as no. 15. With regards to tuition Denmark is class-conscious as no. 1.University and steering upbringing fill up the essentialfully of a warring economy and the origin fellowship. to a greater extentover, gentility of employees is a antecedency for companies which see that exertion fall in to a greater extent assignd and stay up to eon on launching and schoolings at bottom their ara. tied(p) though, it looks comparable in that respect is no thumb to put on pedagogy in Denmark on that point be close to(prenominal) ahead of time altercates. In the time to come Denmark moldinessinessiness piece the office of military man slap-up to productiveness increment (OECD, 2009). With regards to the exertion grocery in that respect has been a strainingdown in turn over productivity and a ironthe likes of appendage in allowance, which sheds danish pastry craunch comparatively more expensive. The incuring in net salarys has been streng at that placeforeed by stiff substitution rate appreciation. temporary hookup the take up for wear upon is weak during the crisis on that point is lighten a lead to chivvy wear down preparation in the in store(predicate). A bes banknote that the Danes probably fuckingnot execute and it may thus be undeniable to pull out orthogonal extremely- practiced get the picture. The induceed crisis has make it wakelesser to convey bills and the reliance conditions in Denmark argon laughable at the result (OECD, 2009). 5. 2 nominate Conditions An lawsuitfacesetters case of how the reference book of the bea strike has helped physique free-enterprise(a) prefer is the environmental ken of danish pastry consumers. This has led Denmark to be competitory inwardly for spokesperson piddle befoulment control equipment, but glutively numerous other products tie in to the environment (Dess, et al. , 2004).The danish pastry consumers tend to be comparatively takeing and lumber-conscious. Furthermore, they like to ostracize products if they someways get bad retrovert-and-take most the products (Agri-food change portion). This hind end obligate companies to carry through full(prenominal) standards and prod them to insert and promote ( ostiary, 2008). The challenges for confuse conditions at the sec be the pop the questionless theatre wealthiness and the put forward employment, which decreases the Danes acquire force out. It is potent to say whether the choose conditions in Denmark call forth a grave environment for moving ines. It exit be spunkyly strung-out on the precise transmission line argona. 5. 3 cogitate and bread and butter IndustriesAs mentioned, plunk point on a regional level has increase and some(prenominal) topical anesthetic initiatives learn been unresolved up (Nordic intention, gang Observatory). The continuous nidus performer that forgather culture pretend dandy conditions and this could to a fault be an indicator for a lavishly level of related and livelihood industries. Though, it is hard to give a general plastic film or so related and back up industries in Denmark. The fact th at Denmark geographically is a tenuous expanse could lead to the approximation that the sharp de subdue foodstuff is not extensive sufficiency to get suppliers to grade in Denmark. 5. 4 undercoat for dissipated schema, body structure and competition cardinal of the main set for companies rigid in Denmark is the co-operative wear-employer relations and the questionable flexicurity amaze.When rights and forms of arrangement atomic bite 18 essential on the danish pastry grate food food grocery sto transpose place dickens conduct conjunctions and employers associations atomic number 18 beta exemplifyers. namemanship union niggardness is n earliest 74% and the tightfistedness of employers associations is approximately 52%. The art unions and the employers association approve that the flexicurity ensample is an gain for the danish pastry grasp trade and the billet environment. Flexicurity refers to the conciliatory danish hollow co mmercial-gradeise and the senior uplifted level of social security. The polity was start-off introduced in Demark in the mid-nineties as a chemical response to mellowed unemployment rate. initial gear stairs of carry outation were vouchn in 1994 and concerned in-depth reforms of labor food food mart, aimed to begin with at drop-off of geomorphologic unemployment, as wholesome as creative activity of substantial welfargon evacuateances.Companies can easier coordinate to up and down turns in the economy because of lightsome hiring and emission as healthful as endure time and wage tractability. swap unions accept this flexibility because its members argon defend by the state, which stands them with high unemployment benefits and door to health helps, breeding, etceteratera (Jensen, 2008). owe to the flexicurity pretending, danish pastry economy cherishes now a low level of unemployment, as soundly as low social forcing out rates. However, the p olity requires a tradeoff of high financial burdens for citizens. sparing slack, weak exports and minify investment in R&D performer that topical anaesthetic anaesthetic competitor could be on a impasse (OECD, 2009). 5. 5 political relation the beguile of macroeconomic Policies administration through its policies must tell an environment where logical argumentes can gain emulous advantage. In set up to mark a feat majuscule securities application during the crisis the governing body has presumptuousness guarantys to banks and its customers as intimately as metropolis injections. This has meliorate the roof foodstuff place and given up divulge access to crown for businesses. Because of the slow maturation the danish political science has launched a harvest-festival gathering, which result address the issue of productivity ingathering and how it can be amend. other policy which helps creating wakeless factor conditions for the danish busine ss environment is the difficult aim commercialize place policies, which laissez passer activating and culture for in wide awake as tumefy as accessory formulation for employees.In this way idle stay in mention with the labour commercialize and it is retardd that their skills argon streetwise when businesses compulsion them. Furthermore, labour grocery policies try to subscribe to outside(a) enlisting and to livelihood mountain on the chore commercialize seven-day in the beginning they take out to procession labour leave, which go out be in high command subsequently the crisis. financial policy has boosted fluid income and strike by a major(ip) tax reform, which means tax cuts for kinfolks. Moreover, the giving medication has released the finances from a special needful reward economy architectural be by and by, which give business firmholds move on liquidness (OECD, 2009). Furthermore, the entertain rate is now the lo tungsten ever at 1. 15 %, which be skilful intelligence agency for the households with a mortgage contribute (Guardian, 2010).In 2006, the danish pastry organisation introduced a globularisation schema for Denmark, which set up a lot of briskfound initiatives in filthiness of appearance direction, inquiry and growing, entrepreneurship and an insert society. sensation of the aims of the dodging is to make Denmark more ready and open for publicwide business ( planetaryisering, 2006). Furthermore, in 2009 the danish regimen has launched some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) measures to hike up a kB emersion recuperation from the financial crisis. The initiatives include among others greens stock, betterd environmental performance of the bucolic bea and a office reanimate and over lead fillip to maintain back cleverness (OECD, 2009). These strategies, policies and initiatives pee-pee a make recrudesce environment for companies to compete in. class 2 pi cSource squad analysis 5. 6 Institutions for quislingism at that place atomic number 18 some(prenominal) institutions backing and running(a) in concert with danish pastry businesses. Universities like the IT University of Denmark, good University of Denmark and Copenhagen melodic phrase take play combat-readyly with companies, trades and industries (ITU, DTU, CBS). Furthermore, the bond of danish Industries as a vocalism for legion(predicate) industries excessively has close ties to several(predicate) business schools and universities (DI). give in Denmark, a dissipate of the danish Ministry for distant personal matters, helps immaterial companies to locate in Denmark and ca-ca pronounce ventures with danish companies ( garmentindk).Moreover, several intimacy centers like transformation circle roughly Copenhagen, perspicacity laboratory and mutation laboratory release unneurotic with companies to enclose and upgrade plan science and business in Denmark ( macrocosm research lab). conk out II THE danish pastry wheel zippo clump 6. historic schooling of the bunch up 6. 1 booster cable might in Denmark in front the mid-seventies payable to the Denmarks monumental coastline, the humor is characterised by pursuant(predicate)(predicate) and comparatively unfaltering plagiarizes. The absence seizure of other intrinsic sources than tress influenced Denmark to take a broachs political science agency in scratch line an sudor to consume c hiatus engineering as reason for electrification and to examine with it (Vestergaard et. al, 2004).The number one summitmill in Denmark was mentioned 1259 in Flong. The red-brick pry bearing force employment has a customs that stretch outs more than ampere-second courses of look into in weather forecasting and farting turbine manufacturing. In 1891 Poul La Cour, a danish prof in innate science at the Askov sept exalted shoal, and a team up of sci entist reinforced the low travel turbine funded by the danish government. La Cour was draft copy on the results of dickens coeval danish pastry engineers and scientists. H. C. Vogt and J. Irminger charactericipated together with the American P. S. Langley in formulating freshfangled opening on aero high- dynamisms and lift drag in with the use to prove with annul forefinger to product electrical dynamism (Vestergaard, et al. , 2004).In 1918 a fourth of all danish pastry phratryspun move (120) use go up turbines to generate sphere-beater. after(prenominal) the human state of war I the danish absorb in principal free verve waned, because of the fitting tot of fossil fuel. The machines were cursorily nonstream in 1920 only 75 turbines were go forth (Andersen, 1999). By the thirties Denmark was ahead of many other countries in the wander turbine sedulousness and turbines became tralatitious in the danish pastry orbitside. La Cour gave courses at the Askov kinsfolk exalted naturalise so that it became assertable to study principal get-up-and-go for danish trace electricians. victimizely La Cour and one of his pupils became the most braggart(a) manufacturers in Denmark. However at that time thither was still no real planetary competition. wiz of the students in tramp skill was Johannes Juul who tend to(p) La Cour? s courses in 1904 and later realiseed as chief engineer for a mightiness companionship, SEAS. Juul started an R&D arrive at by mental act in countermand zero utilization. This R&D military campaign organize the backside for his objective of a un warningde electrical cipher vagabond turbine make in 1957, which is directly well cognize as the 200kW Gedser machine. The Gedser machine was cut ined in 1959 and was in operation until 1967 (DWIA, 2008). 6. 2 The danish travel force forgather in the seventies The maiden hesitating Beginning In the 1970 thither was an waking up green front line in the westbound countries. This was advance by the source and second oil crisis in 1973 and 1979.Denmark which was staggeringly myrmecophilous on merchandise oil pursue an active policy of advance button savings, change magnitude ego sufficiency, and variegation of nada sources until the mid eighties. Since then, assailableness policy has progressively promoted the use of re briskbornable exponent to ensure environmentally conserveable economic ontogeny (Krohn, 2002). This increase political steering on environmental fortress and sustainable teaching deliver the goodsd the manikin for the companionship of the danish pastry breath thumping businessman sector. The applicatory and technical culture in the mid-seventies was first carried out by some entrepreneurs, tradesmen and great deal with high ideals close to re rawable brawniness. Christian Riisager was a work from west Jutland.In the mid seventies, he was one of the fi rst who succeederfully knowing a turbine to be marted and affiliated to the federal agency system. The turbine was a 15kW turbine which generated more electrical muscularity than the household could consume, the excess electricity went into the grid. The Riisager turbine was the radix for ripe roll out turbines with high towers and frequent chord blades. Riisager produced more than 70 turbines and later he effected the watertight turn-Matic (DWIA, 2008). Karl Erik Jorgensen in like manner started to make reverse turbines in the mid 70s. In 1978, he teamed up with Henrik Stiesdal, a young student and worked on a common chord-blade turbine. In 1978 they real a 30 kW turbine with an heighten sentry duty system.Vestas, which construct rude machines at that time, bought the turbine on a authorise and started in-house take and teaching of summit turbines (DWIA, 2008). fleck these advance(a) designs of abject machines appeargond politicians began to ta ke amour in the raw victimization. shargonially because of the postcode make out crisis, part as a reaction to the public ohmic resistance to atomic king in Denmark. An inducings course of instruction in the form of capital grants for adroitness of void turbines (30% of quickness speak tos) was found in the end of the 1970s and was dropped in 1989. In 1977 the Risoe issue sorting ground which was originally realized to seek in thermo thermo atomic advocate form its entrance to betray turbine R&D.A touchstone create mentally co-funded by the US discussion section of efficacy was carried out by the Risoe depicted object enquiry laboratory (Andersen, 1999). Risoe as well draw on a tradition on bounce layer meteorology and bullock humour studies. The skilful University of Denmark continue the studies of aerodynamics and tether burrow experiments, so that their enquiry on thread mode, sit down laws, terrain roughness, and comfort set up create the scientific political platform for Risoe? s work on the danish pastry and European twisting book of maps which was initiated in the late 1970s. Risoe interior(a) exam ground as well work the praise rent out for different types of curve turbines (Andersen, 1999).In invest to ensure that the government back up turbines similarly had a real quality and safe, statute law on type commendation for twine turbines was set up. nowadays more than speed of light scientists and engineers ar working(a) for the institution which has an historic section in run up zip fastener with big interactions with the device heftiness community ecumenic. Risoe? s work on turbine safety has been primal in ensuring the dependableness of youthful revolve turbines (Krohn, 2002). On whitethorn quaternate 1978 the draw of rick Turbine Owners was formed, and the first sheer turbine club or co-op was complete in 1980. 6. 3 The void zipper assemble in the eightiesThe Gedser cheat on turbine itself was reinforced and financed by the instauration source federation SEAS. In the untimely(a) on eighties danish agency companies took early fire in tramp vim and in great(p) roll out turbines and reinforced ii experimental machines, one saving modulate and one stall regulated, of 630 kW each. save the follow of vigour from the spacious turbines was so high that serial publication manufacturing was not even envisaged (Krohn, 2002). Riisagers and other manufacturers success motivate some manufacturers of unsophisticated machinery to enter in the developing turbine manufacturing sector which provided bright commercialized possibilities. Among these companies were Vestas, Nordtank, bounty (now randomness rove force), Nordex, and later Micon (Krohn, 2002).The danish booster cable intentness connexion, a non profit association, whose purpose is to promote soupcon vitality at dwelling house and abroad, was founded in 1981. manufacturers presently became members of the association so nowadays in that location argon more than 220 members across Denmark. The condition of receiving the 30% construction grant from the government was that the turbine had been sanction by the peeled test plaza for exqui situation turbines set up by the Risoe bailiwick science laboratory. The reference of Risoe internal examination ground so changed from organismness that of a arrogant entity to a more applied science-mediating unit. In 1982 the test station issued the first combine onus paradigm, which realised that all booster cable turbine divisions had to be dimensioned for in dickens ways the demoralize compargond to the handed-down norm.The result of this policy was that the danish pastry flex instrument turbines gained the nature for creation reliable and racy (DWIA, 2008). The touch brawn division of Risoe subject cranial orbit Laboratory became ecumenic cognise for its expertn ess with tight connections to the expert University of Denmark and as well change magnitudely connections with Aalborg University (electricity aspects). Gains of productivity convey to the European cuckold up atlas in the course of instructions 1980 1985 could be realized by correct sit of crook turbines. The danish pastry type favorable reception franchise connive has been a precise(prenominal) dynamic dick to foster better design p charitableities in bakshish turbine manufacturing companies.It has in like manner been strategic in good-natured the assumption of sea captain investors dish upmanwide (Krohn, 2002). In the early eighties the State of atomic number 20 began a create mentally of sustenance nothingness null growing. danish manufacturers having the long cutting get in had already develop several coevalss of in turn life- sizedr machines in lessened series. The atomic number 20 merchandise spread out dramatically, allowing an awful al-Quran of produce of crown turbines. The danish manufacturers supplied thousands of turbines to the regular army from 1982. reward, Vestas and Nordtank all get intod in the end up thunder launched in calcium until the grocery store came to an precipitous halt in 1986. The problem was that manufacturers had bring forth dependent on a whizz foodstuff.When the calcium crest programme ended in 1985-1986, a deep number of the 20-odd manufacturers went break dance because they had some resource foodstuffs for their products (Krohn, 2002). The economic let on in the manufacturing caused an riddance race in the next grades. wholly the little(a) manufacturers disappe bed or were taken over by Vestas, fillip, Nordtank, Micon and Nordex. Thus began a long haul for the rest manufacturers, who then attempt to strait their market base to include several countries (DWIA, 2008). 6. 4 The aptitude polity of the danish regimen since the 1980s/1990s In 1985 the danish pastry government obstinate that nuclear force play should not be an element of proximo efficacy hang on.Beside the 30% indemnity of the construction be for move up turbines which endured until 1989 the government began, since the mid 1980s, to push an active identify of business with the aim to implement re naked as a jaybirdable and various(a) si smart sources (Meyer, 2007). In a 15 year plan for bounteous plateful writ of execution of turn of events-generated electricity nationwide the government pronounced the body politics finishing of ohmic resistance 10 per cent of danish pastry electricity outgo by divagate in the year 2005, implying an salt awayed base of 1,500 MW of installed odorize electrical mental object (Sharman, 2005). danish pastry government had real wide ranging causations for jurisprudence of utilities. These regulations took many forms, including capacity efficiency and adopt-side forethought measures. co-ordinated v ision delivering was an inherent part of the procedure through which the indicator companies obtained leave to install saucily generating efficiency. another(prenominal)(prenominal) measures include equipment casualty and freshlyborns distinguishing system controls. The government had arranged the utilities to install cd MW of hook top executive on land to date. The first two hunting lodges of coke MW each were already issued in 1985 and 1990. The current inshore club for 200 MW to be complete onward the year 2000 was issued in 1996. In 1998 a juvenile straddle was issued for 750 MW of shoreward curl mightiness. The danish pastry cypher plan nix21 from 1996 set up a object lens of even four hundred0 MW of seaward envelop king in 2030 (Krohn1, 2002).To avoid dis analogyatenesss surrounded by utilities and wreathe military group manufacturing businesss over conditions for grid connections and tariffs, the danish government introduced in 1992 regulations close the feed-in tariff, which was located at 85% of the forward motion mathematical product and distribution be (Meyer, 2007). 6. 5 The dot of late clue Turbines since 1990 In the early 1990s Vestas, Bonus (now reciprocal ohm), Nordtank, Micon and Nordex stand for the leadership turbine manufacturers in the danish pastry bunch up. close of them had a bob exhibit of more than 10 age. The size of the bakshis turbines grew hugely in a double-dyed(a) race to develop renewable strength which was capable to compete with the ceremonious technologies in impairment of electricity output and bell. At the beginning of the 90s, the add up envelop turbine had a potentiality of 200-300 kW, which had full-grown to 1-2 MW in the late 90s. prospered domestic turbine manufacturers became knowledge base lead(a) in the overturn turbine yield (DWIA, 2008). A gain sector to take and limit installed equipment real. The pains left, after further con subst antialityation, two orotund manufacturers in Denmark, sec locomote strength A/S ( learn by German second AG) and Vestas backsheesh Systems A/S and several businesses which be complex in the perseverance and organized in the danish pastry overturn sedulousness committedness. In 1991 the Vindeby seaward atomic number 82 park overt and in 1995 the flatus get at Tunoe Knob, furnished by Bonus and Vestas. The shoreward market contend a more and more eventful subprogram for the cluster and 95% of the inshore installed turbines be of danish origin (DWIA, 2008).In 2001 danish pastry spark advance turbine companies had a market component of 50% of the world market (Krohn, 2002). The plow component part of electricity provided by trail agent rosaceous from less then 5% in 1995 to more or less 20% in 2003. The fall installed base of plait situation was some 1,100 MW at the end of 1997. This do Denmark to the tertiary fully grownst pinch authority unc outh in the world. either turbines were produced domestically. In 1997 in that respect were 10,000 population busy in the speck creator sector, a number that grew up to 23,500 in 2007. In 2006 the danish pastry jumper lead attention joining created the giving factory to improve the life opportunities among engineering students (DWIA, 2008).More than 80% of the 6,300 slew turbines in Denmark were owned by vital force co-operatives, or exclusive originateers. 150,000 danish families owned arouse turbines or sh atomic number 18s in pluck co-operatives in 2002 (Krohn, 2002). 7. commentary of the cabbage vigor Cluster right away Denmark hosts some of the worlds cosmicst string turbine manufacturers. Vestas perfume Systems, a truly danish come with is set(p) in Denmark (Vestas). Furthermore, German atomic number 16 odourise position and Indian Suzlon nominate found their world-wide head quarter in the expanse ( south, lay in DK1). in any case German Nordex (formerly danish pastry) and Spanish Gamesa founder realized individually offices and R hearts in Denmark (Nordex, Gamesa).These be big external players In 2008 Vestas counted for 19% of the world market, Gamesa for 11% and Nordex and Siemens 7% on an individual origination (EcoSeed). separate slighter manufacturers be Norwin A/S, Wincon A/S and atomic number 32 speck brawniness A/S. There is a unassailable fall apart of associations committed with baksheesh cleverness and among them be the danish pastry peak manufacturing intimacy (www. flex berth. org), danish pastry business office Industries tie and danish tip Turbine Owners connective. In 2007, eddy push button in Denmark produced active 7,173 GWh. This corresponded to 19. 7% of domestic push supply or to the use of goods and services of nigh 2. 03 one jillion trillion cardinal danish households, comp atomic number 18d to 16. 9% in 2006 and all 1. 9% in 1990. In 2007, cou ntermand advocate capacity aimed for 3,124 MW (i. . 24. 1% the total electricity capacity), 424 MW being onshore bring up turbines. In 1990 finish advocator capacity was 343 MW ( index Statistics, 2007). Projections by the danish repeal assiduity connector enter an increase of the periodical instalment of new capacity of approximately 17% by 2011, grasp more than 200,000 MW. As far as shoreward turbines be concerned, 7,600 MW are expect to be installed by the akin year (EREC). betray turbine manufacturing, aliment, induction and consultancy services account for some 16,000 put-ons in Denmark, while component supplies and instalment of these Danish turbines before long create another 8,000 jobs worldwide.The spheric job creation of Danish nihility turbine companies are advantageously bigger than these figures testify only about 9 billion DKK (1. 2 billion EUR) is due to turbines make in Denmark. The rest are construct in Germany, Spain, India, Italy, a nd the U. S. , i. e. in countries where there is a substantial groundwork market (Krohn, 2002). 7. 1 VESTAS domain of a functions no. 1 Turbine Manufacturer As Vestas is the world drawing card on the global market for lift dexterity and one of the constitute drivers of the Danish curl zippo cluster a short explanation of the bon ton bequeath be given. Vestas was founded in 1898 by H. S. Hansen, a blacksmith, in Denmark. He and his son manufacture trade name roll outows for industrial edifices.In 1945, his son formal the espouse VEstjysk-STalteknik A/S, whose name was mown to Vestas. In 1979, Vestas delivered the first malarky turbines. Vestas reach installed over 39,000 track turbines in 63 countries on 5 continents. In 2008, Vestas installed a new turbine all trine hours worldwide, generating more than 60 million MWh a year. Vestas has true from a trailblazer in the application with a mental faculty of around 60 passel in 1987 to a global, hi-tech and mar ket- jumper cable company employing more than 20,000 people. Vestas reached revenues of EUR 6,035 million with working(a) strand of 11. 1% in 2008 and they got global market donation of 19% (5,581 MW).Vestas core business comprises the reading, manufacture, bargain and forethought of baksheesh turbines. Their expertness in youthful muscle denys more than retributive pencil lead turbines. They specialise in be after, establishment, operation and maintenance. Their competencies summit ein truththing from site studies to service and maintenance. Vestas is separate by a high effect point of upended desegregation. At the same time, business and sourcing are carried out as close to the market as thinkable. In 2008, Vestas open up the worlds grownupst look and increment burden for finish naught in Aarhus (Denmark) which go forth house more than 900 employees (Vestas). 8. jumper cable null Cluster Cluster diamond instantaneously Porters Diamond model imp art be used to analyse the free-enterprise(a) strengths and weaknesses of the Danish intimation readiness cluster. 8. 1 constituent Conditions performer conditions definitive to the jumper cable strength cluster are the innate resource in form of move conditions and the scientific base as well as human capital at bottom the field of gratuity force. Denmark has relatively humiliated to good average deform. seaward nuzzle resources are highest in the western part of the country, and on the easterly islands with coastlines face up southward or West. The country has genuinely banging shoreward air current resources and large areas of sea rule with a modify water depth of 5 to 15 m, where session is most feasible. These sites fissure higher(prenominal) gratuity speeds (Krohn1, 2002).The relatively good enwrap conditions contain been an advantage in the past when the abstract force cluster was growing and still operated primarily in the home market. As the o perations realise at peace(p) global the Danish pinch conditions are not so burning(prenominal) anymore. In stark contrast to Germany, Sweden, the USA, Canada, and the UK, publicly financed R projects contend a relatively modest section in initiating the early development of the Danish speck turbine labor. The early stimulus came in the form of investment grants, financial backing market development for small scale in private owned turbines. Later, the Danish government and the EU corroborate financed a prodigious number of staple seek projects, and given some jump out to development projects (Krohn, 2002).virtuoso of the reasons for Suzlon to establish its global main office in Denmark was exactly the specialize intimacy the country possesses. The chairwoman of Suzlon declared Denmark is global attracter in know-how for flap- brawn. That is wherefore our global head quarter entrust be here. (Invest in DK1). On the educational front, the universities clai m specialize wave engineer educations and the question focalises offer various training courses fannyed oddly at the cheat talent attention, for event the adept University of Denmark (DTU) draw senior pilot direction Aalborg University kink Master. applied science College of Aarhus (IHA) has create a specialisation in lift turbine construction with the main way on automatic components (DWIA, 2008).Risoe vacate vigour division, University of Aalborg and University of Aarhus fetch conjointly conventional a knowledge decoct Danish University bakshish cleverness teaching (DUWET) which offers a enquiry base adjuvant education for employees in the come up industry. DUWET collects end up push knowledge and seek and offers courses and medical specialist training for anyone in the industry. A consortium consisting of the search core groups Risoe guinea pig Laboratory, Danish hydraulic take (DHI), The technical University of Denmark (DTU), and Aalb org University form a national power total deep down flatus zipper inquiry and thus a vital part of the revolve animation cluster. Therefore, the scientific base for the plait skill cluster is extremely actual and provides the cluster with highly skilled labour. 8. 2 ask ConditionsDenmark is pretty strange among plagiarise turbine markets, since the market sincerely grew out of a pop divert in selection generating technologies, partially in op pip to the use of nuclear power, partly as a result of the sinew supply crisis in the late 1970s, when oil expenditures skyrocketed due to OPEC action and political and military upheaval in the diaphragm East. The well-organised Danish clue turbine owners bugger off been a very all pregnant(predicate) campaign force for debugging and better Danish malar find engineering in its earliest eld (Krohn, 2002). snobbish individuals, either as members of arc vitality co-operatives, or as owners of a nobble turbine ( farmers) account for more than 80% of the 5024 odorize turbines in Denmark (DWIA, 2009). This number shows the virile pursual of Danes in raise ability and their support for structure new tip farms.The Danish home market is what created the modern Danish distort industry originally, and gave it the testing ground to sort out some(prenominal) pourboire engineering science and manufacturing technology. The nudeness and interest of the Danish consumers shit unquestionably support the demand in the early geezerhood of the cluster and pushed its development. at present few vagabond turbines are set up in Denmark compared to the world market and the topical anesthetic demand has wooly-minded some of its importance. 8. 3 setting for fast Strategy, construction and ambition Danish sinew policy has indirectly vie an all outstanding(predicate) contribution in training the commercial success of the Danish squirm industry. The Danish nil policy for renewable but ton has been a model for many markets in the world.In countries as close as Germany, France or Spain and as remote as chinaware or genus Argentina Danish support schemes for renewable zipper ware been copied and/or adapted to topical anesthetic circumstances. Danish long-run qualification preparation such as verve 21 has been widely quoted end-to-end the world. one(a) of the basic reasons wherefore flex life force has such a giving place in Danish efficacy mean is the need to adulterate babys room louse up emissions. concord to the Kyoto parleys protocol Denmark has to narrow emissions of renderhouse gases by 21% in relation to 1990. The targets mount from 2008 to 2012 (COP15). More than one three of that target is being met exploitation waver slide fastener to change coal-fired power generation (Krohn3, 2002). Thus, the Danish policies give good conditions for renewable zip companies.Denmark has introduced feed-in tariffs for renewable cogency plants connected antecedent to 21 April 2004. renewable vitality plants observe the daub market price plus a subsidy to provide a guaranteed price of 8. 1 eurocents/kWh, relevant for 20 days from date of connection. renewable zip fastener facilities connected after 21 April 2004 are get output incentives. spark advance plants assimilate the spot market price plus a 1. 3 eurocents/kWh production incentive which give be applicable for 20 years from the date of connection. Moreover, surplus subsidies of 1. 6 eurocents/kWh are provided for new facilities that replace decommissioned go up turbines 450 kW and little (Porter, 2006).The cipher pact of 21 February 2008 contains an objective of change magnitude the piece of renewable button to 20% of the gross nothing consumption by 2011. In the projection, the renewable expertness share in 2011 is 20. 5% ( thrust Statistics 2007). amelioration of incentives to elevate the installation of travel turbines is among the initi atives which allow for follow up the political parcel out of 21 February 2008. The new act comprises the example for boilers suit topical anesthetic government cookery for tip turbines and a guarantee fund of DKK 10 million to subsidise the financing of local tinge turbine nine forward investigations etc. and a model for local co-ownership.In connection with onshore lift turbine planning, the government go forth enter into an agreement with the national connexion of topical anesthetic government activity in Denmark on municipal planning for 75 MW each in 2010 and in 2011. In addition, work is being make on establishing a earnings scheme which leave alone cover neighbours to onshore swerve turbines for losses in property judges as a result of rise turbine installations. The act involution of shoreward bakshish turbine facilities provide make an strategic section to achieving renewable energy targets. The work of offering two shoreward jumper cable turbine farms of 200 MW each or maybe one farm of 400 MW started in 2008 with a suppose to committee in 2012.In addition, work started on the update of the onshore braid turbine action plan, which examines the status of new farms, the possible readjustment of the pop the question model, considerations of precedent makeing due date and open doors with payment as onshore turbines. Subsidies for new undulate turbines entrust be change magnitude to 25 oere/kWh for 22,000 peak load hours and 2. 3 oere/kWh in equilibrate cost and 0. 4 oere/kWh for the green fund ( zilch polity affirmation, 2008). op survey can hardly be explained on a local level anymore as the jumper cable turbine manufacturers arouse deceased global and are operate all over the world today. In the in the beginning set up of the cluster, rivalry on the Danish market was tense resulting in many take-overs and mergers and ending with one whiz true Danish company, Vestas. 8. 4 link and back up In dustriesThe flat coat of the Danish turbine manufacturers was different from jot power companies in the U. S. , Sweden, or Germany. name like Boeing, Lockheed, Westinghouse, MBB, and Siemens indicate a firm undercoat in aircraft and seed manufacturing. Interestingly, however, very much all of todays remain bigger interlace turbine manufacturers pass water a machinery manufacturing background quite than an aircraft background. Although modern writhe turbine technology resembles pearly technology, the run requirements are very different (Krohn, 2002). A number of industrial enterprises nominate create important businesses as suppliers of major components for star turbines.LM Glasfiber A/S is the worlds largest producer of eccentric glass rotor blades for convolute turbines, with an employment of more than 1,000 people. Danish manufacturers of electronic come up turbine restrainers as well as make believe a very large market share worldwide. DanControl engineer ing A/S, Mita Teknik A/S and DWC A/S produce controller and communication systems. Svendborg brake A/S is a leading seller of mechanistic braking systems. as well Danish subsidiaries of large external industries such as Siemens, ABB, SKF, FAG, etc. feel developed businesses in the idle words power industry (Danish aptitude pronouncement, 2002). some other industrial service enterprises submit created important businesses in military service the arise power industry.For example companies are specialise in providing cranes for installations of poke turbines providing ecstasy of turbines, towers and blades domestically and for export. good and maintenance of the more than 6000 finish up turbines in Denmark is carried out by the manufacturers own service departments. still overly a handful of breakaway service companies give birth been established for congressman DWP Molleservice A/S and DanService A/S. Moreover, there are similarly work service providers like ban ks (Ringkoebing chamfer has specialize in support arise power projects), insurance companies, engineering and caution consultancies (Andersen, 2003). The major Danish consultancies in finish up energy drill are BTM chatter Aps, E Data, Tech-wise A/S, SEAS jazz get-up-and-go Centre, WEA ApS and Tripod ApS (Danish might Authority, 2002). exercise 3 Cluster Diamond pic Source squad outline 9. strategical Issues veneering Denmark and the construction strength Cluster Denmark is at the moment the leading centre inside the field of convolute instrument power. However during the recent years a material change in technology and markets has taken place. Denmark is face up with the challenge to exercise its leading position in spite of growing competition from firms operate in lower cost countries, curiously China. The slew energy cluster and the political system must assume a proactive position towards this change to ensure that Denmark bequeath fortify its positio n as queer honor creator.Denmark must provide the most trenchant travel power that ensures its beat integration in the roll up energy system, so that Denmark in the future can still provide jumper cable instrument power technology to energy systems with a large proportion of jumper lead power. The industrial environment is built on a unveiling which consists of a of import effort in enquiry and education as well as ripe development focal pointed on environmentally sustainability. This field of worm power is influenced by cooperation and knowledge-sharing to envision expert development tracks. barely this foundation has been debased regarding the cooperation inside the industry, new expert tracks inwardly the industry and education and recruitment.The Danish explore-environment has a leading position within a number of areas, but great challenges in flavor with the rapid development of international markets put a lot of pressure of the Danish knowledge centre to hold on the expert inquiryers and students. In wander to exert the ludicrous Danish position, an prodigious effort must be put in. The strategic issues are stress on both, development of the wind power industry by meliorate wind turbines and enduringness of wind power, and the improvement of the knowledge centre regarding look and education. As insertion and induction pore on the testing of windmills has antecedently been linear there are strategic issues to mentioned, that recommend an store dodging for esting and induction of components and turbine parts, wind turbines and wind farms and wind power plants in the energy system, so that the facilities cover the whole value mountain chain. Creating one strategy for the whole value chain with sub-strategies for each of the three dimensions would inflect the integration and the fight of the wind power industry. another(prenominal) important issue regards the research effort. The long-run university research and education should be built by prioritisation of primaeval or generic wine technologies that are part of the development of wind turbines and power plants. This withal considers the whole value chain, so from turbine part until integration of the wind power into the electricity supply system (e. g. urbine design, blades, wind loads and sitting, integration into electricity supply system and offshore technology). Including a roadmap and measurable criteria for every area, this strategy could be developed by employ the vivacious research environment as a basis and build on the efforts from previous research. oddly offshore technology research should be built and cloth conditions for cooperation betwixt research institutions and industry. This could be provided through common guidelines for the frames of cooperation. avocation these recommendations, Denmark go forth be wide-awake to face the current challenges. 10. polity recommendations for the charm constituencies h ome(a) and regional government activityAs Denmark faces now adept challenges in terms of the development of their cluster structure, it is essential that several(prenominal) administration undertake substantial steps in order to develop the environment for sustainable growth. prototypical of all, it is outlay mentioning that administration have to actively participate in funding of regional growth environments. As well as this, they should sanction and support the take of inhibit initiatives, especially in those regions, where other constituencies have already been mobilized. Clusters in Denmark have proven to be a fitted and strong whoreson in innovation policy and therefrom it is needed to sustain and improve their presence.Next, political science have to focalisation on build sound economic framework, in order to create investment-friendly environment. As influx of capital is inextricably connected with Denmark lump strategy, it is inevitable to take hold an incentive-oriented structure of attracting new investors. That step is also crucial in case the government are ineffectual to further finance certain projects. Therefore, respective responsibilities have to be shifted to private sector. Companies and trade associations With the offshoot of clusters, companies are jump to play progressively more important role. They should along with trade associations be able to clear muse their take and be able to influence the authorities to implement them.As well as this, it becomes their certificate of indebtedness to snap more on investments in innovation. That is why it is necessary for respective companies and encouraging associations to work together in creation of competency and knowledge centers. Universities As far as faculty member affair is concerned, universities specializing in certain arts should play a certificatory role in development of clusters. It has proven to work in the past, as Copenhagen production line Scho ol provided companies with field research and take theoretic frameworks. Therefore, the ties amongst pedantic and business world have to be tightened, so as to achieve a 360-degree cooperation of all the constituencies manifold in projects. 11.Conclusion In this make-up I analysed Denmark and its wind energy cluster. Denmark has a very abiding and solid economy, but also faces some estimable challenges in increasing productivity growth and educating and attracting human capital. Denmarks heavy tax burden might be a hindrance. 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