Mary Whiton Calkins Essay

In the early days of mental science there were a couple of(prenominal) female psychologists who had any type of impact on the field of psychology. there was sex discrimination and it was a common belief that women were inferior to men. bloody shame Whiton Calkins was able to beat the odds and have a long unchanging legacy in psychology. She is considered one of the pioneers in psychology and is credited with a study theoretical contribution of self-psychology, which was centered on the idea that totally consciousness is personal.Calkins overcame discrimination from two students and scholars and succeeded in inventing a procedure that was past paired associate culture, which has become the standard rule in cognitive research (Goodwin, 2008). bloody shame Whiton Calkins was born in Hartford, Connecticut in 1863. She was the oldest of quin children their parents encouraged their education, especially the hold of languages and cultures (Furumoto, 1980). Calkins did graduate from high school in Newton Massachusetts and began Smith College in 1882 as a sophomore.Unfortunately, in 1883, her sisters illness and subsequent death caused her to decide to get hold of Hellenic at home the following year. However Calkins returned to Smith College in 1884 as a senior, and graduated with a concentration in classics and doctrine in 1885. In 1887, after graduating from Smith College, she was hired to teach Greek at Wellesley College. She had been dogma for three years when she was offered she was offered a emplacement teaching in the new area of psychology (Goodwin, 2008). In 1890 Wellesley finally offered Calkins the position, with the tick off that she would study psychology for a year.There were very few psychology programs avairesearch laboratoryle at that time, and even fewer that would accept women applicants. This made it intemperate for her to have the one year of study needed to teach the causa of psychology. During the following year Calkins also wo rked unofficially at the psychology lab at Clark University with Edmund Sanford. He also assisted Calkins in the creation of a psychology lab for Wellesley College, equipped with state of the art equipment. That psychology lab officially opened in 1891, the same year that Calkins began teaching psychology at Wellesley (Goodwin, 2008).After being invited to sit in on whatever of the lectures at Harvard, Calkins formally requested that she be allowed to sit in on these lectures. She decided to try to take classes at the Harvard Annex taught by Josiah Royce, a Harvard professor, because the Annex was not an official part of Harvard University. Royce, however, pushed her to try to attend rule-governed Harvard classes because not all of his classes were available through the Annex. Charles Eliot, the hot seat of Harvard, believed strongly that the deuce sexes should be educated separately.But it was not until the pressure applied to him from both throng and Royce was combined with a petition from Calkins father and a garner from the president of Wellesley College that Eliot finally agreed in 1892. Calkins would be allowed to attend James and Royces seminars on psychology, but it was officially stated that she would not be a student of the University entitled to registration. (Furumoto, 1980). Calkins felt like she needed to do more graduate work. She proceed teaching while simultaneously perusing with J. Munsterberg until 1894 when she studied full-time for a year.At that time Munsterberg petitioned Harvard to admit Calkins as a Ph. D. candidate, but was refused. The Harvard psychology division held an informal examination of Calkins, which she passed in 1895. The same year, while at Harvard, Calkins presented her theses, where she completed a series of observational studies on association. She authentic a procedure known as paired-associate learning (Goodwin, 2008). Her subjects prototypal studied stimulus-response pairs comprised of sequentially presen ted color patches and numbers, and then they tried to refuse the umber responses when shown the color stimuli.Her results showed that recall was enhanced by each of the quad factors frequency, vividness, recency, and primacy. These four conditions could strengthen associations, and found that frequency was the most important. (Goodwin, 2008). Calkins then returned to Wellesley College where she continued to teach until her retirement in 1927. From about 1900, her publications became less research-oriented as she developed her major theoretical contribution to psychology, self-psychology.Calkins maintained that psychology could be the study of mental life, but that the central fact of psychology must be that all consciousness contains an element of the self (Goodwin, 2008). In 1900, Calkins published her first article on a system of psychology of the self, a question which became her chief(a) focus. Over the next thirty years, Calkins continued to present, develop, and defend her possibleness of self-psychology, gradually moving more towards doctrine and away from the psychological slue towards behaviorism.There is evidence that her primary interest was always doctrine kind of than psychology. She was teaching psychology for almost a decade before another(prenominal) faculty member trained in psychology joined the philosophy department. (Furumoto, 1980). In 1905, Calkins became the first woman elected president of the American psychological Association. As her interests shifted to philosophy, she became the first woman elected president of the other APA, the American Philosophical Association in 1918. All of her work in philosophy as well as psychology came to center around the ampleness of self.She used it as a way to reconcile competing theoretical schools of estimate including structuralism and functionalism (Furumoto, 1980). She believed that self-psychology was a method of resolving disputes between structuralism, which analyzes consciousness in to its basic elements, and functionalism, which focuses on how consciousness serves to adapt the individual to the environment (Goodwin, 2008). Among her major contributions to psychology are the invention of the paired associates proficiency and her work in self based psychology. Calkins believed that the conscious self was the primary focus of psychology.Despite bloody shame Whiton Calkins contributions, Harvard maintains its refusal to grant the gradation she earned and her mildew on psychology is often overlooked by both scholars and students. She was overzealous about her beliefs, even when Harvard was going to award her a PhD. from Radcliffe College she refused to accept the degree because she did not agree with the injustice of unequal treatment of the sexes based on the implicit assumption that there are inherent differences in their mentalities (Furumoto, 1980). Mary Whiton Calkins was a pioneer in psychology.She was responsible for the creation of a method of memorizati on called the paired associate technique, founder of one of the early psychological laboratories in the United States, and creator of a system of self-psychology (Furumoto, 1980). Conclusion Mary Whiton Calkins was a prolific writer in both psychology and philosophy, print four books and over a hundred papers divided among the fields. In addition to being the first woman president of the American psychological Association, Calkins also served as president of the American Philosophical Association in 1918.The topics Mary Whiton Calkins studied in psychology covered a wide range including dream research, animal consciousness, and memorization. In 1892 she presented a report on a dream study that she had worked on with Sanford at the first come across of the APA. Thirteen years later she was elected president of that same organization. In 1895 she returned to Wellesley as an associate professor, and in 1898 she became a full professor, a position she held until she retired in 1927 (F urumoto, 1980).On February 26, 1930, Calkins died of inoperable cancer, one year after retiring(a) from Wellesley as a Research Professor and turning over that department to Eleanor Gamble. Her teaching career spanned forty two years. She died with two honorary degrees, a doctor of letters from Columbia University and a doctor of laws from Smith College. However, she neer received the degree that she worked for at Harvard. In 1927 a group of Harvard alumni petitioned the president of Harvard requesting that the university grant Calkins her Ph. D. , but they were denied (Furumoto, 1980).

Business Ethics Essay

INTRODUCTIONthither argon decisions made every day in the wrinkle world, some big, some sm tout ensemble. The biggest struggle professionals face when making these decisions atomic number 18 the honourable consequences they face. Every decision that is made is going to baffle an tint on at least one person, no matter the size of it of the decision. And there ar ethical consequences to whole decisions. In the following report card I will be comparing Maslows Stages of demeanour and Kohlbergs Stages of moralistic increase with ethical and unethical behaviors of notees and society. Both Maslow and Kohlberg require open a hierarchy of either behavior or chaste development. I will take both of these hierarchies and apply them to the behavior of business and society, as well as including service-to-self and service-to-others concepts.BACKGROUND (MASLOW & KOHLBERG)Before we spate discuss how Malsow and Kohlberg bemuse for a role in ethical and unethical behaviors in busi ness and society, it is necessary to realise the nurses of these theories, beginning with Maslows Stages of Behavior. Malsow presents these shows in a hierarchical format, beginning with the lowest ordain, up to the highest take aim. The first direct is physiological require, followed by safety, love/belonging, esteem, and finally reaching the highest train of self- symboliseualization. 1 In this hierarchy the first level is usually achieved before reaching the flake level, and this continues along the hierarchy. Therefore, the ultimate level of reaching self-actualization isnt usually achieved until all lour levels have been reached and in a backbone, conquered. Similar to this theory is Kohlbergs arrangements of moral development.Kohlbergs theory also states that the stages argon reached in an score and one mustiness be reached before the next, but toilet complete at any point, so that the highest level is not attainable by everyone. 2 Kohlbergs stages of moral d evelopment consist of three levels and sixsome stages. The first level is Pre-conventional morality (stages 1-2) Obedience and Punishment, personism and Exchange. The second level is Conventional morality (stages 3-4) Good Interpersonal Relationships, and Maintaining the Social Order. The third level is Post-conventional morality (stages 5-6) Social Contract and Individual rights, and Universal principles.3FOCUS ON UPPER LEVELSFor both Maslow and Kohlberg there is a heavy emphasis on reaching the final stage or level. Reaching the self-actualization stage of Maslows stages shows that one has fully authentic behavior, and moral behavior. Reaching the final stage of universal principles of Kohlbergs stages shows that one has fully developed morally, very similar to Maslow. For Maslows stages a person is capable of reaching this final stage and then regressing back to lower stages.4Usually reaching this higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) stage is tho temporary and is sla ngn as peak experience.4This could be in a bearing of out of body experience. But once soul has reached this stage, it usually impacts them for the eternal sleep of their life, and they do not immediately go back down to lower levels. This stage could also be called, or is know as having wholeness.5 This integrity is for oneself and for others, including a total commitment to the highest standards of behavior. 5 This is where ethical and moral reasoning and behavior comes into play. People who have reached or have see the highest level of Maslow ar going to act morally and ethically in their behavior.The last stage of Kohlberg is universal principles. This stage defines the principles by which we achieve legal expert. 6 To me this stage entitles treating everyone with dignity. This reminds me of the integrity involved in the highest stage of Maslow. In this stage every human being is given equal consider and is treated with the highest dignity. People who have reached the h ighest stage of Maslow would not vote for a law or agree with anything that causes some harm to others while support the majority.6ETHICAL AND UNETHICAL BEHAVIORNow that the theories and stages of Maslow and Kohlberg have been discussed, it is necessary to see how these stages play a part in making either ethical or unethical decisions in the workplace and in society. The first typesetters case to take a look at is the behavior of students cheating in school. This is a common example, but it could easily be applied to employees take from a company, or anyone taking shortcuts in life to get ahead. galore(postnominal) people would agree that cheating would correlate to students with little moral and ethical values.During a study by Kohlberg, it was seen that 70% of the students on the pre-conventional level have been found to cheat.7 The pre-conventional level indicates that people are not fully morally developed. These people seem to lack moral development, and therefore will ac t unethically. The people at these lower levels do not have the observe and dignity for others that the upper level people do. Because this is the case they are to a greater extent willing to cheat, and dont feel guilty for what they are doing.This can easily be transpired into the business world. People cheat and steal coin because they have no respect or dignity for the people that they are affecting. They will not take into favor all of the stakeholders at risk of infection because of their actions. Take for example, Bernie Madoff and the scandal at Enron. This is a case famous across many business environments, for unethical behavior that caused harm to many stakeholders. No one would disagree that Madoff was a very savvy and smart business man. But, because of his actions he would fall into a lower level of Maslow.SERVICE TO egotism AND OTHERSPeople who have reached the highest level of Maslow (peakers, we will call them), and those who have achieved the highest level of development Kohlberg presents will have a service-to-others attitude. These people are less materialistic, and are more socially implicated.8 There seems to be a correlation coefficient between people in upper level Maslow who have higher levels of ethical development, and those who are in the upper stage of Kohlberg and have higher levels of moral development.8 This correlation also relates to how these people treat those who are just roughly them. They are not self-centered and are instead think on the well being of everyone around them.As mentioned before, they seem to be concerned with giving every human being the respect and dignity that they deserve. If someone is concerned with the way that they are treating others, this is seen as a moral consideration. And if they are concerned with how well they are treating themselves, it is seen as a non-moral consideration.8 So, those who are focused on service-to-others instead of service-to-self are more likely to belong to the h igher levels of Maslow and Kohlberg. Those who are more concerned with themselves and have a service-to-self attitude they are stuck in the lower levels. They are still trying to achieve the basal needs that Maslow sets out.HOW IT ALL FITS INTO AN ORGANIZATIONThe most difficult part about these two theories, are what they have to do with an formation, how employers can utilize this reading to better motivate their employees, and people are going to treat themselves and others inside the levels of Maslow and Kohlberg. One of the biggest examples of this, are how these theories can be incorporated into a non- make headway organization.These organizations would be more known for their ethical behavior than most other companies. These companies can obtain an ethical culture by following and paying economic aid to the hierarchy of values that Maslow proposed.9 Maslow noted that in order to achieve the highest value the previous needs have to have been met. If a company takes this int o consideration than they should make sure the lower needs of the employees are being met, if they conceptualise them to behave ethically. This leads to an ethical culture.In the article that discusses this they translate the individual levels of Maslow into levels that an organization should achieve. These levels or needs are financial competence, accountability, reciprocity, respect, and integrity.9 They feel that in order to employees to attain the ethical values and culture that is wanted, the lower needs must first be met. This may include wage benefits and giving employees more responsibility to begin with. Eventually employees will feel a sense of respect from the employer and will work their way up to level 5. If all of the employees at this company are at the level 5, then they have an ethical culture. This is a way to apply the theories of Maslow and Kohlberg into an organization, even if is a for profit company, and achieve the ethical culture that is desired.CONCLUSIONT o sum up, Maslow and Kohlberg have developed a hierarchy of needs and stages of moral development, respectively. It is possible to use these models to understand the ethical and unethical behavior of people in businesses and in society. There is a focus on achieving self-actualization and universal principles. If someone has reached this level of self-actualization it transforms their identity, and they are more apt to act morally and ethically. In the same sense, those who are in the universal principle level of Kohlberg, treat all reality with the respect, integrity, and dignity that they deserve. The people in these upper levels are also known to have a service-to-others attitude, instead of service-to-others. Lastly, companies can use this information to make sure the basic needs of their employees are being met, in order to achieve an ethical corporate culture.ENDNOTES1. SADRI, GOLNAZ, and R. CLARKE BOWEN. 2011. Meeting EMPLOYEEE requirements Maslows hierarchy of needs is stil l a reliable guide to motivating staff. Industrial conduct IE 43, no. 10 44-48.2. Walker, Lawrence J. 1982. The Sequentiality of Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development. Child Development 53, no. 5 1330-1336., 1330-1336.3. W.C. Crain. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall.4. Christopher, John Chambers, kat J. Manaster, Robert L. Campbell, and Michael B. Weinfeld. 2002. Peak Experiences, Social Interest, and Moral Reasoning An Exploratory Study. Journal Of Individual Psychology 58, no. 1 355. Strickland, Ruth Ann, and Shannon K. Vaughan. 2008. The Hierarchy of honourable Values in non-profit-making Organizations. Public Integrity 10, no. 3 233-2356. W.C. Crain. (1985). Theories of Development. Prentice-Hall.7. Emerci, etin. 2006. THE OPINIONS OF MEDICINE FACULTY STUDENTS REGARDING darnel IN RELATION TO KOHLBERGS MORAL DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT. Social Behavior & Personality An International Journal 34, no. 1 41-498. Christopher, John Chambers, Guy J. Manaster, Robert L. Campbel l, and Michael B. Weinfeld. 2002. Peak Experiences, Social Interest, and Moral Reasoning An Exploratory Study. Journal Of Individual Psychology 58, no. 1 359. Strickland, Ruth Ann, and Shannon K. Vaughan. 2008. The Hierarchy of Ethical Values in Nonprofit Organizations. Public Integrity 10, no. 3 233-235

1984 – a dystopian novel

1984 is a dystopian novel ab verboten the company of the proximo. Writing in 1948, he images Britain forty years in the future as a totalitarian dictatorship which combines elements of both Communism and Fascism in a powerful, omniscient police- submit, based on terror. The story takes place in a totalitarian state called Oceania. The world has been split up by Oceania and two other states, Eastasia and Eurasia. The post-war world is governed by power groups alternatively at war with one a nonher. After the revolution, the establishment has been replaced by a dictatorship, whose attraction is BB. In his features and look, BB clearly recalls Stalin, and the fact that his face is depicted eachwhere is a denunciation of the cult of personality, typical in all dictatorships.Trying to adjudge the thoughts of every citizen, the authorities rewrite history, changing events. The hero, Winston Smith, is an intellectual and rears against this world and begins to stargaze of destroying the system. The description of capital of the United Kingdom, capital of Oceania, in the first chapter of the book, is similar to wartime London. The environment recalls bomb-damaged London in 1948. The influence of WW2 is clearly evident it is a nightm atomic number 18 that ease haunts the population. Personal freedom is restricted beca spend Oceania is in a per bitent state of war and everyone is potentially a traitor. The only chance of survival is by showing obedience to the companionships orthodoxy and complete devotion to the cult of BB. Every proboscis is constantly watched and the use of language modified to try and crush independent, individual, autonomous thought, so that the componenty will at last be in control of the only inner(a) being of every man.Winston Smith (whose name is a symbol Winston stands for Churchill, and Smith is a common surname, making him a stereotype of every man) works for the Ministry of right, but he doesnt accept its fanatic attitude so he keeps a diary and falls in love with a girl called Julia. He makes friend with OBrien, his superior in the Ministry of Truth, because he believes he is against the system as well. However, OBrien turns out to be a fellowship man who has Winston captured. Winston is the last man in BBs dictatorship who tries to keep control of his inner self, but he is arrested because his love story to Julia is illegal and mentally and physically tortured until he loses his mental integrity. When he is rehabilitated and finally released he has been false into a robot just like all the others. He has not only understood and accepted companionship doctrine, he has even stick to love Big Brother. The structure of the novel recalls a tragedy because it is divided into trine parts in Part 1, Winston tries to be free, in Part 2, when he is about to fulfil his dream, his hopes are crushed, and in Part 3, he surrenders to the system and loses his benignantity.Orwell gives a description of the semipo litical system of totalitarianism. In 1984 he described the methods used to control thought, to invade privacy and break discomfit personal resistance. The totalitarian state tries to control the thoughts of citizens through language to secure the danger of independent thought. The use of language in 1984 is especially authoritative because Orwell shows how every concept is turned into its exact opposite by the Party, take out a satiric effect and tragic irony. So the Ministry of Truth only tells lies, the Ministry of Peace is concerned with war and the language is contracted, taking out all creativity from its use, much as it happens today with mobile phones.The three irrational slogans of the Party are particularly meaningful because they reveal the ideals the party is based on, thought control and reversal of concepts.Orwell is concerned with the function of political language and shows that in Oceania words are so corrupted that they at once mean their opposite. This implies that once language is controlled anything that the Party doesnt approve is impossible. Thus creation is distorted and these distortions alter the human perception of the truth. This is similarly the danger cloak-and-dagger in mass media, whose power pervades modern society. Mass media control converse and impose a global view on all aspects of usual life. That is why the control of mass media is important for the political party in power, because through mass media they can create consensus and alters thought so that everybody comes to deem and desire what the Party wants them to think and desire.Therefore communication becomes manipulation and creates fear, as the dominant faces of BB in posters seem to say. BB IS WATCHING YOU means that everybody is controlled and cant escape. People are alienated, deprived of desires, individuality and interpersonal relationship, so that they cant but be good to the ruling party. So the media in the world created by Orwell in 1984 learn a double function to control human thought so that it comes to comply with the Partys wish and keep watch on people everywhere and at any time. Subject to constant surveillance, citizens never try to rebel or escape. Terror is used to monitor and control peoples thoughts, feelings and actions.Orwell was politically pull and 1984 shows how precious and fragile human freedom is. In a purpose of social unrest, unemployment, economic depression and Nazi expansion, he turned to left-wing ideals and he went to fight for the Republican forces in the Spanish war. The experience in Spain made him aware of the political threats that could destroy left-wing ideals he was horror-struck of the result of Realpolitik. He was particularly concerned with the tragic development of commie ideals through Stalins dictatorship in the USSR.Orwell was disappointed by Socialism and believed that the source should be independent. As a matter of fact, though he was a socialist, he was very critical of a S ocialism which was detached from the verity and the needs of the working class it is supposed to represent.One of the most not bad(p) features is the close connection between his political views and his writing. Orwell believed that the writer was a spokesman for the virtuous conscience of society and his duty was to denounce social evils. The influence of daemon is shown in his choice of social themes and the use of lifelike language because he used a simple, direct style. He believed in tolerance and umpire and warned against the dangers of totalitarianism and thought control. He criticized totalitarianism, warning against the violation of personal freedom. 1984 shows a prophetic picture of the dangers caused by totalitarian dictatorships which annihilate individuality and justice. He wanted to warn readers against tyranny.The world described in 1984 is a nightmare. The party has absolute control, rebellion is punished with prison and torture. He showed his concern for the timberland of life, human dignity and creativity in his opinion, these qualities are threatened by the prevailing trend in modern society, where mass media control human actions, tastes and choices. He had a pessimistic view of the masses, because he believed they could be easily manipulated through language. BBs dictatorship controlled thought, invaded personal privacy through microphones and tele-screens and broke land all attempts at resisting by brain-washing people.Moreover the strategies of the Party control not only the present and the future but also the past times, by re-writing history. Winstons chore in the Ministry of Truth is to alter historical records to eliminate all memories of past events and adapt them to party policy when they are inconsistent with party doctrine.Orwells presumption is that a totalitarian state controls the thought of citizens through language to limit point the dangers of independent thought. This is still true today because mass media are potentially dangerous, as they break down individuality and independent ideas by inhibition imagination with conformity.1984 is a picture of how the political system can subdue individuality and make man inhuman. Through science fiction he depicts a future world in such a realistic way as to make it very credible. The main characters will and body are broken into total submission, leaving no hope in the future of freedom, non-conformism and use of individual reason. Orwells final conclusion of 1984s nightmarish plan is that totalitarian powers destroy human nature and men are dispiritedly overwhelmed by oppressive political forces.

Gender Differences in Advertisements Essay

It has been evident for the past decades that advertisers dummy up use pigeonhole images of men and women in their advertisements. This nookie say that the pursuit for equality is still not grasped by the society. The images we see in magazines, in televisions, in billboards introduce a truly old perception of sex activity, especially the inferiority and slavish nature of women, with their bodies utilise as mere sexual objects, if not, still used as household cargontakers. Women atomic number 18 as well as deemed to be beautiful if they lay hold of slim bodies, fair complexion and long shiny hair.Men, on the different move on, ar portrayed to be strong, dominant and successful in their c atomic number 18ers. For this essay, I will be showing two examples of images, which reveals the still existing gender inequality. I will be referring to some themes and issues to support my arguments. Also, for my basic summary of advertisements, I will be using Katherine Friths 199 8 approach shot in Un set uping the Ad Reading Culture in Advertising Lukas, 2002. It includes a get along meaning, the advertisers intended meaning, and the cultural or ideological meaning.For the semiotic level, which connotes the social themes in advertisements, I will be reserveing Erving Goffmans 1979 approach in Gender Advertisements. For the first example, I will use the Gucci mag advertisement as sh knowledge in Figure 1 in the appendix. tho by looking at the picture, you disregard already see that thither is gender inequality. Before dwelling into that, I will first apply a basic analysis of the ad. 1. The Sur search nub It can be seen that thither ar two subjects in the picture. It is very evident that peerless is female, firearm the other bingle can be assumed to be male.It is because of its manlike features, as seen in the upper body though the face was not explicitly shown. The female is down on the floor, touching the c dole outhe of the male. She is wea ring a sexy gold dress. The male is standing, wearing unaccompanied khaki pants. Both vesture are assumed to be low the brand, Gucci. The setting is in the desert and the overall appeal of the image is very earthy. There are no words or taglines in the ad, only if Gucci. 2. Advertisers Intended Meaning The advertiser might be showcasing the earthy tones and summer styles of Gucci, as seen in the very comfortable and impractical clothes the subjects are wearing.There is still a certain social class in the style, whether you put them in the dessert or just wherever. 3. ethnical or Ideological Meaning The picture obviously depicts the dominance of males over females. To be more(prenominal) detailed, we use Goffmans approach by winning into consideration the social themes being depicted here. The positioning of the subject explicitly exposes gender bias. The man is standing while adult femalehood is down on floor. It just shows that men are in control and have big businessma n over women. The woman is way below under his legs, at his feet to be exact. She is even touching his shoes.It reminds me of a servant, wiping the dirt of his master in the desert. The woman here really looked inferior and if we extend the picture upward, exposing the face of the man, it can be that he is looking down on her, seeing the condensate of his abdomen in the picture. Moreover, such(prenominal) display of abs connotes a very masculine and strong appeal. We know that men who have well developed abs are the ones who are the most physically fit. The woman on one hand is thin and sexy, with her body commences, especially the legs and the cleavage, generally exposed.Reexamining the Nature/Culture Paradigm, we are reminded of the vertical perspective, which organizes the relationships of male and female Tilleuil, 2002. The woman is labeled as the rule and the man is labeled as the dominant. According to the sociologist, Claude Herne, In the advertising image, in order to ma ke the woman feel inferior, signs multiply and underline the weakness, the inadequacy of self-confidence, fragility, hesitation, dissimulation, submission, childishness and infantilization, too. Tilleuil, 2002. This signs are very well depicted in this ad.The woman looks fragile, and she displays a look of submission in her eyes, like a slave. This leads us to another example of an advertisement, which now depicts heavy military force to women. The ad to be examined here is figure 2 of the appendix. It is an ad from Dolce and Gabbana. 1. The Surface Meaning In the ad, there are six subjects. There are volt males and one female. It looks like they are in a roof chair of some lag/hotel. Some men are wearing fitted Polos, while others are fractional naked. Their skins are very shiny. It looks like theres oil or sweat in them.One man is on top of the woman, while others are watching intently to the scene in the middle. The woman is imposition down on the floor, wearing a sexy bla ck dress and high heels. 2. Advertisers Intended Meaning The advertiser here is showcasing the sexy formal styles of Dolce and Gabbana, with their breezy polos, stylish dresses. It looks like the clothing is part of their summer collection. 3. Cultural or Ideological Meaning/Goffmans approach It is very evident in the picture that the scene is characterization a gang rape. This is extreme sexual violence veracious at your eyes.Such violence is even portrayed in classy way, with the clothing of Dolce and Gabbana at display. We look back to the inferiority and grovellingness of the woman here. The woman is again down on the floor, but this time, she is lying down, about(predicate) to be raped by the first guy on top of her. But we also see here that they are being watched by other men. One of them is already topless, while, one is semi-buttoned, with his chest exposed. There is also one who is only wearing a sleeveless undershirt, while the exit guy is still fully dressed up. Th ey all have this sultry look to the woman.The woman here is about to give herself to the man, with her hips going upward. Yet, you can see that the man is locking her arms in the floor, and it looks like she cannot get away with his grasp. The woman has been the subject of sexual pleasure. Violence here is part of the pleasure package. As we have been exposed in the media, we can recover about the whipping, the slapping of women, their being tied up to different places, exposing a lot of skin, with their bodies being molded to different erotic positions. In most cases women are victims of such violence, since men being tied up would not be a delightful sight for them.Overall, as seen in most advertisements, women are always the weaker player, being taken advantaged of men, who are more superior. Women are still being depicted as mere objects of sexual desire Sharabi, n. d. . Women are seen only as domestic providers, who do not have their own decision making powers. According to t he blog of Daughter of Liberty 2007, she say that the following are some important points to take note in advertisements 1. Canting It can be seen through the body language that women are submissive and they have low self-confidence. For our examples, it is explicitly shown with the woman on the floor, with no control. 2. comedy It can be seen that women are usually posed like an guileless child in the ads, which connotes ignorance (stupidity perhaps) and practically it tells us that women are easily dominated. 3. habituation Women are seen to be very dependent to men, which can be specially found in the first advertisement, where the woman is touching the shoes of the man. 4. dismemberment Dismemberment is described as focusing on a special body part. However, for our first example, it was the man who was dismembered. 5. Dominance/violence This is evidently seen in both of our examples, especially in the Dolce and Gabbana ad, which depicts a gang rape.I think ads these days h ave become more violent and more associated to sex than ever before, due to change of perception of our society. Sex and violence is not a taboo anymore, and we can just makely dissertate those issues in a coffee table. However, being a more open society must teach us to be less neat and degrading. Women and men were created equally. More ads should focus on empowering women, like what is happening in Dove. We must not let ourselves, especially our children to be exposed to such violence because images convey very powerful images and it can impact ones behavior.

Thomas Hobbes Laws of Nature Essay -- Thomas Hobbes Philosophy

Thomas Hobbes What Is The Difference Between Obligations In foro interno and Inforo externo, and When Do We make water Such Obligations?According to Thomas Hobbes, there are certain laws of character which existin the absence of an organized government. These laws are extremely disaster throat,and place people in extremely dangerous situations where their lives are indanger. Government is the answer to this dangerous situation, but it is herethat the question of pledge comes into question. Does one have an arrangementto take a chance and make out the laws set forth for them, or should they only say of themselves, and follow the laws of reputation? This is a vital questionwhich I will explore.According to Hobbes, the overrule law of nature is kill or be killed.Hobbes believed that, "every firearm has a right to everything, even to anothermans body. And therefore, as long as this natural right of every man toeverything endureth, there can be no security to any man(how stro ng or wisesoever he be) of living out the time which nature ordinarily allow inith men tolive." until now he also believed, "that a man be willing, when others are so tooas far-forth as for peace and defense of himself that he shall think itnecessary to lay down this right to all things, and be comfortable with so muchliberty against other men, as he would allow other men against himself." Thequestion now is, when do we have an obligation to strive towards peace when itmeans giving up our n...

Identifying the Main Character in The Use of Force :: Personal Narrative

Identifying the Main Character in The Use of pull outSince Olson narrates the story, I was tempted to focus on his opinions and motives in accessing and handling the intense slur of diagnosing a sick child. Though tempted to focus on Olson, by and by meticulous analysis of the passage, I noted Matilda as the character that pierce is being applied to-clearly a manifestation of the title of this story.All aid and focus is on Matilda employing care to her appearance as well as her fluster. Matilda just would not allow Olson to take cultures from the back of her pharynx. Olsons coarse remarks to Matildas nave parents for heavens sake...she might have diphtheria and possibly pass out from it, doesnt affect the child in the least. Nothing changes. Diphtheria is an infectious disease in which a membrane forms over the air passage. Olson orders one parent, whom he subconsciously had not disclosed, to place the child on his lap and submit her wrist. Matilda shrieked terrifyingly, des perately, Stop it Youre killing meMatildas m other is even so more nave than her father because obviously Olson told the child she would die of a sore throat to startle her and prompt gravity to the urgency of getting the cultures. Yet, Matildas mother still questioned the doctor contemptibly till her economize had to suggest that she take leave of absence from the room, inferring that diphtheria is deadly. Olsons ego is ruffled, for he states that he could have torn the child apart in his stimulate fury and enjoyed it. It was a pleasure to attack her.Force is implied from the statements Then the appointment begins and Oh yeah in Olsons objection to the alternative to go to the hospital. This is embody by the descriptions abject, crushed, exhausted, magnificent heights of insane fury, and terror for the doctor. The doctor wrestles with Matilda and her parents. intelligence officer determination in the final unreasoning assault, to overpower her neck and jaws to interject the tongue depressor, succeeded.Focus shifted from each character back to the child. Olsen speaks about the other characters at length, at all times referring their effect or concerns on the child. The only mention of defensiveness is in Matilda. She had fought valiantly, hiding the secret of her sore throat and cried blinding tears. Olson becomes impatient calling Matilda a damn little brat, emphasize her ignorance when he says she has to be protected from her idiocy.

Is Penn State tuition too expensive? :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Is Penn State information too expensive? The atomic number 91 State University is virtuoso of the biggest state universities in the nation, with over 40,000 students currently enrolled in that university system. It is also a very old school, with its 150th birthday glide path up in the year of 2005. Over the last one and a half century, Penn State has produced the most number of alumni in the world. In my major, weather forecasting alone, famous alumni such as Jon M. Nese, Greg Forbes, and Joe Bastardi are contributing their invaluable experience to the world in the science of meteorology. They are often seen in the subject field broadcasts. These are some of the major factors attracting perspective students to attend Penn State. Do you incessantly think about the cost of aid Penn State since Penn State is one of the most expensive public institutions in the United States?Lets consider how expensive Penn State is for students. Is it worth as much as $20,000 per year for in-sta te residents, and is it worth as much as $30,000 per year for students life story outside of Pennsylvania? More and more students change their final decisions overdue to the expensive cost of attending specific colleges or universities. Towards these issues, I impart perform a detailed evaluation so that students can be informed about the cost of tuition at Penn State. First of all, comparing the price tags of going to Penn State and other similar colleges will supply a basic sense on how expensive Penn State is relational to others. For western public universities that have around the same sizes in registration compared to Penn State, the tuition of Penn State is by far more expensive than those Midwestern colleges. Lets consider Michigan State University, with an enrollment of close to 35,000. The in-state tuition for Michigan State University is about $6,700, while the out-of-state tuition is remainder to $16,700 (Michigan 2004). On the other hand, Penn StateUniversity Park, has a student population of nearly 34,000 students. The in-state and out-of-state tuitions at Penn State are at least $2,000 more than the tuitions for attending Michigan State (PSU Registrar 2004). Penn States annual tuition is 30% more expensive than some public universities in the Midwest. 1 may argue that the difference in tuition is due to the post of the universities. This is not true at all, and I will provide secern that will show that there is a weak or no correlation between the public universitys location and the tuition rate.