Sociology vs. Cultural Anthropology Essay -- Sociology Essays

The research methods in sociology and anthropology be similar yet travel along a specific set of guidelines for each. Each field approaches research in a similar fashion but the methodology and intentions can differ. The differences reflect the discrete differences that are present in sociology and anthropology. The way that an anthropologist approaches a problem and attempts to solve it is different than a sociologist because of the discerning basis of their knowledge. Some of the research methods require a police detective to be up close and personal with subjects while in other methods the subject dont even realize they are organism observed. From these research methods, sociologists and anthropologists draw conclusions from their observations. Sociological research methods include experiments and social surveys. Experiments are carefully designed investigations in which the variables being studied are controlled and the researcher obtains results with precise observation and measurement (Tischler, 2007). The researcher then studies those measurements to determine the impact of the variables. Experiments are designed to simulate real-life under controlled circumstances to the absolute best of the researchers ability. Advantages to conducting an expirement are that variables can be isolated and controlled and are the perfect setting for testing cause -and -effect relationships. However, most things that sociologists study can not be studied in a lab. There are 3 different types of experiments Laboratory, natural and field experiments. In a lab setting the subjects are in a contained setting. Natural experiments come from actual occurrences and this creates a sort of living and breathing laboratory. Natural disasters provid... ...r, 2007). Many of the theories and concepts between sociology and cultural overlap because on a very basic level it is people being studied and their behaviors in the past and present. Using the methods of research, researc hers can make predictions about society in the future.Works CitedResearch Methods. (n.d.). Eastern Oregon University - Home. Retrieved January 3, 2011, from http//www2.eou.edu/kdahl/methdef.htmlSociological Research Methods. (n.d.). Sociological Research Methods. Retrieved January 3, 2011, from www.fdbond.com/SociologySociological Research Methods SparkCharts. (n.d.). SparkNotes SparkCharts. Retrieved January 4, 2011, from http//sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/gensci/sociology/section12.phpTischler, H. L. (2007). The Sociological Perspective. Introduction to sociology (9th ed., pp. 9-10). Belmont, CA Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Australian Broadcasting Essay -- Media

INTRODUCTIONThe Australian broadcast Commission (ABC) was formed in 1932 and the first ABC receiving set broadcast took place on 1 July that the same year. 1956 saw the beginning of television broadcasting in 1956 and its independent corporation was in 1983. The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) however commenced broadcasting much later 1975 and its television broadcasting began in 1980 and became an independent corporation in 1991. The ABC and SBS are all statutory , independent authorities established via legislation and their roles and functions are set out in their respective Charters. For instance the ABC Charter vests the ABC, with functions such as providing at bottom Australia innovative and comprehensive broadcasting, services of a high standard, provide programs that contribute to a sense of national identity and to inform and entertain, and reflect the cultural mixed bag of, the Australian community. Moreover it is mandated to provide broadcasting programs of an educa tional nature promote the musical, dramatic and other performing arts in Australia transmit to other countries programs of news, menstruum affairs, entertainment and cultural enrichment that encourage awareness of Australia and an international understanding of Australian attitudes on world affairs .The SBS Charter provides that the principal function of SBS is to provide polyglot and multicultural radio and television services that inform, educate and entertain all Australians, and in doing so, reflect Australias multicultural society . SBS also has specific functions, including, alter to meeting the communication needs of Australias ethnic and Aboriginal The ABS and SBS provide the Australian public with news broadcasts, television programmi... ...leem, Saed, and Stephen Shellhammer. TV White Space Sectrum Technologies. Florida CRC Press, 2011.Campbell, Dennis. world(prenominal) Securities Law and regulations. Sydney York Hill Law, 2007.Conroy, Stephen. ABS and SBS. Australia n Government, Sydney Department of Broadband, communications and the Digital Economy, 2008.Digital Broadcasting Australia. SBS chooses 720p High Definition. Digital Broadcasting Australia. Sydney, December 14th, 2006.Grant, Alsadai. Australian Telecommunications Regulation Communications Law Centre. Sydney UNSW Press, 2004.Murray, Lisa. SBS caves in over ad breaks. The Sydney Morning Herald, June 2, 2006.Pan, Hui. Asia-Pacific Telecom Monthly Newsletter. Boston Information Gatekeeper Inc, 2010.Stuart, Cunningham, and Graeme Turner. The Media and Communications in Australia. Singapore KHL Printing gild Ltd, 2010.

Essay --

Liam ConnellyFinal ProjectGolden Age of GreeceThermopylae and the 5,200 an Analysis of Creative License in FilmThere is maybe no last stand than the famous 300 Spartans at Thermopylae who held the massive Persian army for three days in a pin up mountain pass, nearly two and a half millennia ago. When the movie 300 premiered, I was beginning to appreciate military hi narrative and I found the story of these hopelessly outnumbered Greek patriots absolutely riveting. I had cognise that much than a little creative license was taken after seeing some of the much fantastic scenes but some of the important historical nuances were lost in the depiction. My objective today is not to pedantically nitpick every anachronism and anomalous fact, but simply to discover why the filmmakers augmented the history with them. My primary source for comparison is Herodotus Book VII of The Histories, in which he describes the background and facts known to him about the battle itself. The origin of the 5,200 from which this project takes its name is the fact that Herodotus counts not only 300 Spartans but at least a full 4,900 former(a) troops from other Greek regions who fought against overwhelming odds to hold the Persians at bay (Herodotus, 511). While the Spartans may have earned the lions shell out of the glory for their self-sacrifice, the 4,900 or so other soldiers deserve a place in this epic tale of courage and discipline. The primary formation of Greek infantry is the hoplite phalanx. Each hoplites hoplon, or shield, protected the man to his left and long spears gave the ranks behind the first allowed them to bring to bear a wall of bronze spears in front of them. The phalanx is a strong formation but it is vulnerable to flanking maneuvers, ... ...eks doesnt need any tweaking or embelishments its already extraordinary on its own. Indeed, nearly every genre of film audiences love today can be found in the stories of Greek dramatists, myth, tradition, and history, from romance to comedy and war. Theres a rich cultural well waiting to be drawn upon by other filmmakers to tell the story of Greece in her finest hours. I hope more directors discover that. Until then, Ill remember the 300 as they were, not what Id like them to have been.Works CitedHerodotus. The Histories. Trans. Aubrey De Selincourt. Ed. Betty Radice. Middlesex Penguin, 1954. Print.Miller, Frank. Interview by Steve Daly and Entertainment Weekly. 13 Mar. 2007.Snyder, Zack, dir. 300. Prod. Gianni Nunnari, Bernie Goldman, Mark Canton, and Jeffrey Silver. 2007. Warner Bros, 2007. DVD.

Honor in Prince Hal Essay -- Shakespeare Prince Hal Essays

Honor in Prince HalPrince Hals destiny is shaped for him by many forces his association with the neer-do-well Falstaff, the expectations of his father, power Henry IV, and the constant comparison between himself and Hotspur. All three of these forces create in Hal a sense of detect that is an integral part of his education as the precedent king, and throughout the action of Henry IV, Part I, Hal is gaining a knowledge of honor that will shape him into the world-beater that he will become. However, it seems that Hal ultimately chooses one form on honor over the other, although he must compare the honor of Falstaff and the conceptual honor of a chivalric hero before he comes to a final conclusion. The first influence that Shakespeare illustrates over Prince Hal is that of Falstaff, a fat old man who seems to spend his brio in seedy taverns accruing massive amounts of debt. From his devious scheme to rob unknowing travelers at the beginning of the story to his diatribe on wha t honor is not, it is clear that Falstaff has a very distinct notion of his own personal honor, and he seems to be trying to project that same notion onto Hal however, as Hal becomes closer to his father, Falstaffs honor becomes little appealing. Falstaff treats Hal and King Henry IV to his own personal code of honor-or lack thereof Well, tis no matter honour pricks me on. Yea, but how if honour prick me get through when I come on? How then? Can honour set to a leg? No. Or an arm? No. Or precede away the grief of a wound? No. Honour hath no skill in surgery, then? No. What is honour? A record book. What is in that word honour? What is that honour? Air. A trim reckoning. Who hath it? He that died oWednesday. Doth he feel it? No. Doth he hear it? No. Tis ins... ...cing his role as the Prince and defeating Hotspur when no one in the realm believed he had the gumption or the courage to do so. Hals plea to the King to salve the long-grown wounds of my intemperance and subsequ ent promise to die a hundred chiliad deaths ere break the smallest parcel of this vow are the final turning points in the story that lead to Prince Hal being educated as to what it means to be an ideal and true King (3.2.155-159). However, there is still time for Hals perspectives and values to be shaped and re-shaped by his father, the ghost of Hotspur, and the excesses of Falstaff, as well as by characters who lay down not yet been introduced, and in order to fully understand the transformation of Prince Hal, the reader must continue to King Henry IV, Part II and King Henry V to learn if Hal truly becomes an effective and charismatic ruler of England.

Jacques Cousteau :: essays papers

Jacques CousteauJacques-Yves Cousteau was born in St. Andre de Cubazac, France in 1910. Theson of a lawyer, Jacques was warned by doctors to avoid strenuous activitiesdue to chronic enteritis and anenemia. This did not affect his mother wit foradventure. At get along 11, he built a foot working model of a two hundred tonmarine crane. At age 13, he made a battery powered automobile. In 1930, at theage of twenty, Jacques entered the French Naval Academy. Form 1933 to 1935 heserved in the Far east aboard the cruiser Primaguet and ashore in Shanghai. Hetrained as a Navy flier until a serious automobile accident finish his aviationcareer. For his war efforts he was awarded two medals. One for honor and theother, A Purple Heart. Afterwards, he took part in mapmaking study along theIndochina Coast. In 1936, near Toulon, he tried underwater goggles for thefirst time, and his future course was set. In 1943, he and Emile Gagnandeveloped the first regulated compressed-air breathing eddy f or sustained,unencumbered diving. After World War II, he created and organized, inconjunction with Commander Philippe Tailliez and Frdric Dumas, an underwaterresearch unit to carry bring out technical experiments and laboratory studies indiving. In 1950 he founded Campagne Oceanographique Francaise. Also, in thesame year, Captain Cousteau acquired Calypso, a retired minesweeper ofAmerican construction. Over the next year, she was transformed into anoceanographic vessel, and the adventures of the now-famous ship began. In thefour decades since, she has sailed literally around the world and has exploredmany of the planets major rivers. In collaboration with engineer JeanMollard, Cousteau designed the Diving Saucer in 1959, a round, highlymaneuverable, two-person submersible capable of diving to a depth of 350meters. In 1965, twin one-man submersibles, the Sea Fleas, were launched byCousteau. He also directed tierce experiments in saturation-diving techniquesConshelf I off Marseille (1962), Conshelf II in the Red Sea (1963), andfinally Conshelf III (1965), near Nice, in which six men breathing a helium-oxygen mixture lived and worked at 100 meters for three weeks. This was thefirst of its kind. Not only is Captain Cousteau a oceanographer, he is also aauthor and documentarian. Jacques Cousteau has produced more(prenominal) than seventyfilms for television, films which have won numerous Emmys and other awards. Hehas also produced three full-length theatrical feature films, The SilentWorld, World Without Sun, and Voyage to the exhibit of the World. Cousteau haswritten, in collaboration with various co-authors, more than fifty books,

Jacques Cousteau :: essays papers

Jacques CousteauJacques-Yves Cousteau was born in St. Andre de Cubazac, France in 1910. Theson of a lawyer, Jacques was warned by doctors to avoid strenuous activitiesdue to chronic enteritis and anenemia. This did not put on his sense foradventure. At age 11, he built a foot working model of a two hundred tonmarine crane. At age 13, he made a battery powered automobile. In 1930, at theage of twenty, Jacques entered the French Naval Academy. Form 1933 to 1935 heserved in the remote East aboard the cruiser Primaguet and ashore in Shanghai. Hetrained as a Navy flier until a serious automobile mishap ended his aviationcareer. For his war efforts he was awarded two medals. One for honor and theother, A Purple Heart. Afterwards, he took part in mapmaking study on theIndochina Coast. In 1936, near Toulon, he tried underwater goggles for thefirst time, and his future course was set. In 1943, he and Emile Gagnandeveloped the first regulated compressed-air take a breath device for sust ained,unencumbered diving. After World War II, he created and organized, inconjunction with Commander Philippe Tailliez and Frdric Dumas, an underwaterresearch unit to slaver out technical experiments and laboratory studies indiving. In 1950 he founded Campagne Oceanographique Francaise. Also, in thesame year, Captain Cousteau acquired Calypso, a retired minesweeper ofAmerican construction. Over the next year, she was transformed into anoceanographic vessel, and the adventures of the now-famous channel began. In thefour decades since, she has sailed literally around the world and has exploredmany of the planets major rivers. In collaboration with engineer JeanMollard, Cousteau designed the Diving Saucer in 1959, a round, highlymaneuverable, two-person submersible capable of diving to a depth of 350meters. In 1965, twin one-man submersibles, the Sea Fleas, were launched byCousteau. He also direct three experiments in saturation-diving techniquesConshelf I off Marseille (1962), Con shelf II in the Red Sea (1963), andfinally Conshelf III (1965), near Nice, in which six men alert a helium-oxygen mixture lived and worked at 100 meters for three weeks. This was thefirst of its kind. Not only is Captain Cousteau a oceanographer, he is also a originator and documentarian. Jacques Cousteau has produced more than seventyfilms for television, films which have won numerous Emmys and other awards. Hehas also produced three full-length theatrical feature films, The SilentWorld, World Without Sun, and transit to the Edge of the World. Cousteau haswritten, in collaboration with various co-authors, more than fifty books,

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay

Reread the hi trading floor An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge. Think carefully ab egress the following questions. They will help guide your reading and studying about the tier. Answer the questions in a thoughtful manner using complete sentences. 1.What is Peyton Farquhars occupation?Farquhar is a Southern slave owner who adores and tries to help the Confederate Army. 2.Why is he non a soldier, officer, or part of the army? He is not a soldier, officer, or part of the army because of circumstances of which are unknown. 3.How much time actually elapses between the opening and closing lines of Part III? hardly a few minutes pass by between the opening and closing lines of Part III. 4.Describe the setting at the opening of the story.In the beginning of the story Farquhar is standing on a railroad above water with his hands bound with rope and a noose around his neck. There are devil soldiers from the Union Army, a sergeant, and a captain surrounds him. 5.Describe Peyton Farquhar s last thoughts.Farquhars last thoughts are about escaping the execution and hail of bullets and go visit his family and wife. His wife was the last thought in his mind before he died from the execution.6.Identify and describe the sound that disturbs the thoughts going by his mind. The sound that Farquhar hears is the amplified sound of the metallic clink of his come after disturbs his thoughts. 7.In the flashback of the storys second section, who visits Peyton Farquhar? A Northern soldier comes to visit Farquhar at his home.8.What plan does Farquhar conceive as a result of this visit? The Northern soldier is in disguise as a Confederate and informs Farquhar that he could easily set fire to the driftwood by the bridge. Farquhar accepts this idea. 9.What does Farquhar imagine in the storys last section?Farquhar imagines that he walks back home and admire the landscape and is eager to return home. His wife comes to meet him but then a washcloth light and silence engulf him with hi s death. 10.Ironically, what is his real fate?His real fate is death, but he imagines life while death proceeds him. 11.Summarize what you think this story reveals about the psychology of a person in a life or death situation. I think that in a life or death situation a person thinks about who they love and really embrace it. They think about the good and long so bad for life. 12.How does Bierce grind away us for the final outcome of the story? Bierce prepares the audience for the end of the story by setting up the beginning to be reality and then has flashbacks through out to reveal the irony in the end.13.Do you think the writer tries to enlist your sympathies toward either the Union or Confederate side? Or, does the story seem to a greater extent focused on a more general theme about the nature of war? Cite details from the story to support your answer. I think that the writer tries to earn your sympathy for the Confederates by describing how the Union posed as a Confederate to trick Farquhar which ultimately leads to his death. Also the writer tries to make Farquhar out to be in a way innocent and patriotic for his country and his Southern Army. There are mostly negatives about the Union in this story which makes the Confederates out to be good.

Business Requirements Document Essay

affair requirements are the critical activities of an enterprise that must be performed to meet the organizational objective(s). The BRD should remain rootage independent. In the context of the project scoping for hardware procurement and inst whollyation, this is about identifying and documenting the art requirements of clients, employees, and vendors early in the development cycle to guide the design of the rising state. telephone circuit requirements are captured by analyzing the current business activities and processes of the as-is state (current process) and defining a target state (to-be process) that will deliver the planned business outcomes that contribute to the organizational objectives.Objectives of the BRDStakeholdersto gain agreement with stakeholders about what will and will not be delivered Vendorsto provide a foundation to communicate to a vendor (or in-house provider) what the solution ineluctably to do to satisfy the customers and business needs Sponsorsto provide input into the business eluding development phase of the project Customersto describe what (not how) the customer/business needs will be met by the proposed solutionBusiness Requirements Document (BRD) describes the high level requirements that senior management would understand, for example, SS relationshipThe BRD is the foundation for all subsequent project deliverables, describing what inputs and outputs are associated with each process function. The BRD describes what the system would look like from a business perspective, distinguishing between the business solution and the technical solution. Business requirements much include business context, scope, and background, including reasons for change key business stakeholders that have specific requirementssuccess factors for a future/target stateconstraints imposed by the business processes or other systems business process models and analysis defining either as-is and to-be business processes glossaries of business term s, local terminology or acronymsData feast diagrams to illustrate how data flows through the information systems (different from flowcharts depicting algorithmic flow of business activities). A broad cross section of the business should be winding in the development of the BRD. Categories of Business RequirementsThere are five levels of requirements that are typically captured at different stages of the BRD development. These are Level 0 business requirements high-altitude statements of the goals, objectives, or needs of an organization. They usually describe opportunities that an organization wants to be realized or problems that they want to be solved. Level 1 User (Stakeholder) requirementsMid-level statements of the needs of a particular stakeholder or group of stakeholders. They usually describe levels of interaction with the intended solution. Often acting as a mid-point between the high-level business requirements and more lucubrate solution requirements. Level 2 Functio nal (solution) requirementsUsually circumstantial statements of the behavior and information that the solution will need. Level 3 Quality-of-service (non-functional) requirementsUsually detailed statements of the conditions under which the solution must remain effective, qualities that the solution must have, or constraints within which it must operate. Examples include reliability, testability, maintainability, availability requirements. They are also known as characteristics, constraints or the non-functional requirements, and Level 4 Implementation (transition) requirementsUsually detailed statements of capabilities or behavior required to enable transition from the current state to the desired future state. Examples include recruitment, role changes, and migration of data from one system toanother. The success of a BRD is dependent on the agreement of the business to the need for change and the expected business outcome(s). The BRD provides the opportunity to review the project charter to ensure that the objective, goals/outcomes, scope, project team, and approvers are accurately reflected.Prerequisites for BRDImportant pre-requisites for a successful BRD are set out on a lower floor A current environment assessment. This includes a detailed process map of the current environment highlighting areas that will be affected by the project. The detailed as is process maps should include all the way defined start and end points of the processlevel 1 and level 2 requirements and stakeholder process functions defined areas of make over and redundant business processes to be removed cycle time, capacity and rework information for each process step as available, and Baseline for critical metrics for the current environment.Critical quality or performance metrics validated with baseline measurements, targets and specifications. These include data defining and describing current performance such as how the product/services characteristics are to be quantified spec ifying the target for the product/service performance and the gratifying tolerances, and The allowable tolerance for service levels, for example how often the product/service is allowed outside the specification limits.The target environment assessment, including critical quality or performance metrics validated with baseline measurements, targets and specifications. These include data defining and describing the expected performance such as how the product/services characteristics are to be quantified specifying the target for the product/service performance and the acceptable tolerances, and The allowable tolerance for service levels, for example how often the product/service is allowed outside the specification limits. A detailed process map of the target environment. The adjacent figure 4 illustrates a useful way of framing a process flow.Example of a process flowOther BRD considerationsThe BRD contains a egress of project details such as constraints, confidences and depend encies, business rules, scope, measurements reporting and other topics critical to the project. The following should be considered in the context of the overall project and, where appropriate, clearly documented. Any external constraints (e.g. regulatory, legal or locational constraints). Constraints and assumptions relating to the complexity of business requirements, interdependence with other systems, timing of events, the scalability of technical options, reporting requirements and any service limits that may apply.Constraints and assumptions relating to the exploiter bets (staff and customers), users existing capability and training required, degree of user support required IT skills availability and location. An example of the difference between a constraint and an assumption is an assumption could be the number of users that an online service will have 10,000 logged-on users per day and no more than 5,000 at any given time, and A constraint relating to the number of users ma y be that the system has a maximum capacity of 20,000 logged-on users at a given time.ReferenceCONCEPTUALISE ICT projects technical guidance Business case development The Secretary Department of Treasury and Finance 1 Treasury Place Melbourne Victoria 3002. Copyright State of Victoria 2012.

Strategic Operation Management

To be able produce professional managers capable of fulfilling strategic roles within profession and g everywherenment enterprises the need for the practice of trading operations focussing cannot be forgone. Operations management is very important in business operations since it forms the heart of the constitution by controlling the system of operation. Operations management cares with the design, operation, and improvement of the systems that create and deliver a firms primary(a) outputs and service. Like marketing and finance, operations management is a pop offal field of business with clear management responsibilities.Guinness Ghana limited is a ships company in which produces alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages much(prenominal) as Guinness and Malta Guinness respectively. In a business entity like Guineas Ghana limited the use of operations management is very necessary in every fabric of the companys activities. Guinness Ghana Limited uses operations management to ens ure and sustain efficiency and effectiveness in the organisation. Efficiency in Guinness Ghana is refer with how well resources such as human expertise and inputs are put in use irrespective of the purpose for which they were deployed in the company.The company through with(predicate) its activities ensures that the primary objective for its establishment to make profits and maximize shareholders value is realized. The company reduces its cost of production by ensuring that tangible and intangible resources are not over stretched or wasted in the organisation. This is a situation where the company carries out effectively its objectives to be the market leader using minimum resources to achieve utmost output. The measures of effectiveness and efficiency in Guinness Ghana leads to labour productivity, yield, capacity fill working capital utilization and the efficiency of production systems.Guinness Ghana Limited besides makes good use of its products and services management throug h operations management. Product (or service) management includes a wide range of management activities, ra nging from the time that theres a new idea for a product to eventu each(prenominal)y provide ongoing support to clients who have purchased the new product. Every organization conducts product management, whether its done deliberately or unintentionally. Guinness Ghana through this module provides a wide overview of considerations in developing and managing its product. How a product is eveloped or managed depends very much on the spirit of the organization and its products, Guinness Ghana uses it core competences in the areas of manufacturing, branding, marketing through wholesale and retail outlets to gain competitive advantage in the market place. Quality management is also a very important aspect of operations management in every organisation. Guinness Ghana is very critical about its products developed for the customer in the market place. Quality management is crucial t o effective operations management, particularly continuous improvement to match the consumers taste and preference at all times.More recent advancements in quality, such as benchmarking and total quality management, outsourcing and reengineering have resulted in advancements to operations management in Guinness Ghana Limited. The company through its reengineering and benchmarking activities has always earned the leadership in the market. Benchmarking serves as a first class internal auditing process which the company uses to diagnose its weaknesses and identify ways of crook them into strength to increase itscustomer base in the market place.Management Control and Coordinating Function cannot be forgone in operations management especially in a company like Guinness Ghana Limited. Management control and coordination includes a broad range of activities to ensure that the companys goals are consistently cosmos met in an effective and efficient fashion. Basically, organizational coor dination and control is what the company uses to take a systematic approach to figuring out if it is actually doing what it wanted to be doing or not.Some of the major approaches to the companys organizational control and coordination include product evaluation, product distribution, advertising and promotion, sales and service and product development. For instance, product distribution in Guinness Ghana is done through retailers and other small distribution outlets organized by the company to ensure that its products reaches the consumer within an arms length. The company also uses advertisements as a major instrument to reach the customer and reorient the perception of customers about its products.In this increasingly expanding and competitive marketplace, the company ensures its products and services are prominently in the minds of their customers and clients. This occurs as a result of ongoing advertising and promotion by the company. Facilities management is also a necessary fu nction and its importance on operations management for Guinness Ghana is needed. Effective operations management in the companys activities depends on a great deal of effective management of facilities, such as buildings, computer systems, signage, lighting and plants and machinery.Facilities management in Guinness Ghana is very important since the company may be set-aside(p) in a batch or mass production depending on the take on circumstances on the market. In a case high demand which could necessitate higher or mass production, facilities needs to be managed in producing large quantities of products which must be standardized to meet the market demand at specific period. Well managed facilities like plants and machinery in the company help in production speed, lower per unit cost, ease of manufacture and control and the efficiency in the companys production process.Inventory control and management is one importance of operations management that Guinness Ghana limited uses in its operations. Managing and controlling the line of descent of the company is very critical. Innovative methods, such as Just-in-Time inventory control, are some of the major instruments used by the company to save costs and scratch products and services to customers more quickly. Generally the importance of operations management on businesses is embedded in every aspect of the organisations activities and therefore has critical role to be given in ensuring that organisations achieve their objectives and goals.

Operating Cycle

OPERATING CYCLE The way operative swell moves around the stock is imitate by the working seat of government round of golf. This shows the specie coming into the business,what happens to it while the business has it and then where it goes. the term operational cycle otherwise known as cash cycle. In order to earn sufficient profits,a firm has to depend on its sales activities apart from others. The continuing flow from cash to suppliers,to investors,to debtors and back in cash. The magazine gap is technically termed as operating cycle.In other words,the du balancen of the time required to complete the following sequence of events,in case of a manufacturing firm,Is called operating cycle. 1)Conversion of cash into raw materials 2)Conversion of raw materials into work-in-progress 3)conversion of work-in-progress into finished honourables 4)conversion of finished goods in debtors 5)conversion of debtors to cash Bewteen each stage of this working great cycle there is time delay . For some business this go away be very long where it takes them a long time to make and sell the product. They will need a actual amount of working dandy to survive.Others though may receive their cash very quickly after geting out for raw materials etc. They will need less working capital. For all businesses though they need to plan how much cash they are going to have. The best way of doing this is a immediate payment FLOW FORECAST. WORKING CAPITAL CYCLE From the above chart,it can be observed that the firms liquidity of a minifacturing firm depends an operating cycle involved in the conversion process from raw materials into finished goods and then sales into cash. In case of non-maifacturing firms,the operating cycle will include the distance of the time required to convert )Cash into inventories b)Inventories into debtors c)debtors nto cash To determine the operating cycle pointedness,time lag associated with all the individual activities of working cycle are to be set first. Then summing up all the individual time lags working capital cycle is to be ascertained. Determine of individual time lags are shown as follows lovesome Materials Conversion Period The RMCP denotes the finish for which the raw materials are generally are kept in stores before it is issued to the production department. It is calculated as RMCP= Average blood line of raw materials and stores .. Averahe daily consumption of raw materials Work-In-Progress conversion period(WPCP) It refers to the period for which the raw materials remain in the production process before it is taken out as finished products. WPCP being d mavin in the following ways WPCP= Average work-in-progress . Average daily factory cost of production Finished Goods Conversion Period(FGCP) It refers to the period for which finished goods remain in stores before being sld to the customers. It is measured as FGCP= Average stock of finished goods ..Average cost of goods sold per geezerhood Receiveable orde r of battle Period(RCP) It is the time required to convert the reference point sales into cash realizations,i. e. , the time allowed to debtors after credit sales for making the payment. RCP= Average debtors .. Average daily credit sales Payment Deferral Period(PDP) The firm may get sum credit facilities from the suppliers of raw materials,wage earners etc. As the firm enjoys credit,this period has the effect of the reduction money lock period in the operating cycle. CPP= Average creditors . Average daily credit purchaseCOMPUTATION OF WORKING CAPITAL IN BIRLA quite a little LIMITED (Rs. In lakh) As on 31. 3. 08 As at 31. 3. 07 As at 31. 3. 06 CURRENT ASSET Inventories 20044. 82 14258. 83 10572. 33 Sundry debtors 3171. 25 2722. 47 2248. 22 Cash and Bank 3135. 65 3439. 42 5922. 59 Balances Other Current 28. 38 Assets Loans and 47311. 7 30525. 34 12442. 01 Advances .. . .. TOTAL 73662. 99 50946. 06 31213. 53 LESS-CURRENT LIABILITIES AND PROVISIONS Current Liabilities 30109. 32 24 092. 95 25753. 21 Provision 73662. 99 19215. 28 4489. 21 NET WORKING CAPITAL 8246. 75 7637. 83 971. 11 picpicpicPLEASE DO THIS. Importance of functional Capital RatiosRatio analysis can be used by financial executives to check upon the susceptibility with which working capital is being used in the enterprise. The following are the important ratios to measure the efficiency of working capital. The following, easily calculated, ratios are important measures of working capital utilization. dimension FORMULAE RESULT recitation Stock Turnover Average Stock * = x days On clean, you turn over the value of your entire stock (in days) 365/ all x days. You may need to break this down into Cost of Goods Sold product groups for effective stock management. Obsolete stock, slow moving lines will stockpile overall stock perturbation days.Faster production, fewer product lines, just in time ordering will reduce average days. Receivables Debtors * 365/ = x days It takes y ou on average x days to collect monies collectable to Ratio gross revenue you. If your official credit terms are 45 day and it takes (in days) you 65 days. One or more large or slow debts can drag out the average days. Effective debtor management will calumniate the days. Payables Ratio Creditors * 365/ = x days On average, you pay your suppliers every x days. If you (in days) Cost of Sales (or negotiate better credit terms this will increase.If you pay Purchases) earlier, say, to get a discount this will decline. If you simply defer paying your suppliers (without agreement) this will also increase but your reputation, the quality of service and any flexibleness provided by your suppliers may suffer. Current Ratio Total Current = x times Current Assets are assets that you can readily turn in to Assets/ cash or will do so within 12 months in the course of Total Current business. Current Liabilities are mount you are due to Liabilities pay within the coming 12 months. For example, 1. 5 times means that you should be able to lay your put acrosss on $1. 50 for every $1. 00 you owe. little than 1 times e. g. 0. 5 means that you could have liquidity problems and be under pressure to generate sufficient cash to meet oncoming demands. quick Ratio (Total Current = x times Similar to the Current Ratio but takes account of the fact Assets Inventory)/ that it may take time to convert stocktaking into cash. Total Current Liabilities Working (Inventory + As % A high percentage means that working capital needs are Capital Ratio Receivables Sales high relative to your sales. Payables)/ Sales A measure of both smart sets efficiency and its short-term financial health. The working capital ratio. The working capital ratio is calculated as Positive working capital means that the order is able to pay off its short-term liabilities.Negative working capital means that a company current ly is unable to meet its short term liabilities with its current assets(cash,accounts receiveable,inventory). If a companys current asset do not exceed its current liabilities,then it may run into trouble paying back creditors in the short term. The worst case scenario is bankruptcy. A dceclining working capital ratio over a longer time period could be that the companys sale volumes are decreasing,and as a result,its accounts receiveables number continues to get smaller and smaller. Working capital also gives investors an idea of the companys underlying operational efficiency .Money that is tied up in inventory or moey that customers dummy up owe to the company cannot be used to pay off any of the companys obligations. So if a company is not operating in the most efficient manner(slow collection),it will show up as an increase in the working capital. athis can be seen by comparing the wotking captal from one period to anotherskow collection may signalan underlying problem in the co mpanys operations. FOR LIQUIDITY POSITION As on 31. 03. 08 As on 31. 03. 07 As on 31. 03. 07 Current ratio 1. 13 1. 18 1. 3 pic recital This ratio reflects the financial stability of the enterprise. The standard of the normal ratio is 21 but in most of companies standard is taken according to Tandon Committee which is taken as 1. 331. Now if we analyze the three years info it can be predicted that it holds a stable position all through out period but it is seen that it holds a low position than the standard one and the company is required to improve its position. As on 31. 03. 08 As on 31. 03. 07 As on 31. 03. 07 Quick ratio 0. 82 0. 84 0. 68 picINTERPRETATION It is the ratio between quick liquid assets and quick liabilities. The normal value for such ratio is taken to be 11. It is used as an legal opinion tool for testing the liquidity position of the firm. It indicates the relationship between strictly liquid assets whose realizable value is almost certain on one hand and stric tly liquid liabilities on the other hand. Liquid assets comprise all current assets minus stock. By analyzing the three years data it can be utter that its position was weak in the year 2006 but itimproved significantly in the next two years and was stable during that year.But it is to be said thatit does not meet with the standard but in the year 2007 & 2008 it was very close to the standardand it can be said that its liquidity position on an average is stable. As on 31. 03. 08 As on 31. 03. 07 As on 31. 03. 07 Working capital ratio 0. 06 0. 07 0. 01 pic INTERPRETATION This ratio indicates whether the investments in current assets or earn current assets ( i. e. , working capital ) have been properly utilized. In order words it shows the relationship between sales and working capital.Higher the ratio glare is the investment in working capital and higher is the profitability. But too high ratio indicates over trading. This ratio is an important indicator about the working capital position. Now if we analyze the three years data, we find that it follows an increasing trend which means that its investment in working capital is lower and the company is utilizing more of its profit. But we find that ratio is increasing at a very fast rate which is not a good sign for the company and the company is required to look into these matters closely. FOR PRFITABILITY POSITION As on 31. 03. 8 As on 31. 03. 07 As on 31. 03. 07 Gross profit ratio 34. 36% 31. 40% 14. 67% pic INTERPRETATION The gross profit margin reflects the efficiency with which management produces each unit of the product. This ratio of the gross profit to net sales of the business. This ratio gives information about the movement of stock and earning capacity of the business. A high gross profit margin ratio is a sign of good management. it increases higher sale price. As on 31. 03. 08 As on 31. 03. 07 As on 31. 03. 07 Net profit ratio 22. 2% 20. 82% 10. 35% pic INTERPRETATION A net profit ratio establish es a relationship between net profit and sales and indicates management efficiency in manufacturing,administrating and selling the products. The ratio is very helpful for measuring the profitability of the business. If the net froit margin is inadequate,the firm will fail to achieve satisfactory return on shareholders fund. As on 31. 03. 08 As on 31. 03. 07 As on 31. 03. 07 Oprating profit ratio 19% 16. 27% 3.. 50% pic INTERPRETATIONThe ratio shows the relation between the entire operating cost and net sales. It indicates the efficiency of the management in operating the business. FOR MANAGEMENT EFFICIENCY As on 31. 03. 08 As on 31. 03. 07 As on 31. 03. 07 Debtors turnover ratio 5. 72 days 5. 53 days 5. 79days pic Debtors turnover indicates the number of times of debtors turnover each year. generally the higher value of debtors turnover,the more efficiency in management credit. the shorter the average collection period,the better the quality of debtors. A short collection period imp lies the prompt payments by debtors.As on 31. 03. 08 As on 31. 03. 07 As on 31. 03. 07 CREDITORS TURNOVER 3. 96 days 4. 54 days 7. 72 days RATIO pic The ratio reveals the number of days the business or the company enjoys as credit period from its sundry creditors. A very largr credit period in this case indicates over-trading by the company. CALCULATION F MAXIMUM PERMISSABLE BANK FINANCE (MPBP) IN THE YEAR 2008 CURRENT ASSET,LOANS AND ADVANCES Inventories 20044. 82 Sundry debtors 3171. 5 Cash and bank 3135. 65 Loans and advances 47311. 27 Total 73662. 99 CURRENT LIABILITIES AND PROVISION Current liabilities 30109. 32 Provision 35306. 92 Total 65416. 24 Working capital=current assets current liabilities = 73662. 99 65416. 24 = 8246. 75 Own contribution= 25% of working capital = 25% of 8246. 75 = 2061. 68 MPBF = 8246. 75 2061. 68 = 6185. 07

Afghan-war prisoners Essay

Some insurgents failed attempt on an US military escort was provocation enough for them to gun down 16 civils, leaving another 25 severely wounded. The groups dead and alive, contained woman and children. It is an event of March 4, 2007, took place in Iraq, on the Jalalabad highway in eastern Nangarhar province. The day next US army again responded the terrorist attack by 2000-pound aerial bombing in the civilian area, killing five women and trio children. This happened at the Kapisa outpost.These are regular features in Iraq between January 2006 till date, more than thousands of civilians were killed by US attack. Back home, US governance are no less active under the anti-terrorism movement. Ahmed Alenany, an Egyptian physician, was picked up from the road of New York City and was detained for five months, charged with overstaying, in spite of his sound ground of filing for its extension well before the expiry. His fault was that the police found two pictures of WTO in his car and he held a roadmap when arrested.That was one gurgle on the sea. The United States securely took away 650 Afghan-war prisoners to their military base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, where they are reportedly passing their days in small single-person cells. India On July 2005, quatern Kashmiri youths went to attend a wedding in Vilgam, Kupwara, and while out in the open at night for smoking away from the disapproving adults, three of them were gunned down by the Indian army all on a sudden. Later army admitted its mistake and wanted to compensate, though there was enough lying-in to suppress this news.India is also experiencing zero tolerance in counter-terrorism, especially after the militant attack on its parliament on December, 2001. They have even created a special law, POTA , which is cap suitable of detaining anyone under the slightest suspicion on any ground of terrorism, that would later arrest 131 Muslims for the Godhra carnage of Hindus in 2002, who later retaliated with th e killings of 2000 Muslims throughout the Gujrat state, were mostly able to slip past this law. ChinaCharged for crimes of terror and incitement to separatism, the popular religious leader Tenzin Delek Rinpoche was arrested in Sichuan on a night in December 2002 and sentenced to death. He was linked to the series of bombings. Same fate met his co-defendant Lobsang Dhondup, even quicker as he was executed. Now the open secret was that the governing were up against his activities all the time, as he was a known supporter of the Dalai Lama. Egypt This country has a track record of arresting hundreds of people either for their law of proximity to the Muslims, or for possessing suspicious literature.In a known case, 94 such victims, allegedly belonging to an Islamic Group though none heard well-nigh its name), were arrested in May, 2001. It was before the September 11 attack and after the attack, they were charged additionally for plotting to kill the government officials The hapless v ictims belong to almost all point and file Doctors, engineers, professors, to name a few. They were dragged into the military courts whose norms, understandably conform to the trial standards set internationally. Accordingly, 51 were convicted GeorgiaArmed by the US support Georgian authorities have targeted the Chechens at Pankisi Gorge, a place which Russia also labelled as a haven for the terrorists. Here the governmental approach to the human rights violations is indicative mood of non-caring, as it is echoed by the words of its President Eduard Shevarnadze, who, right after extraditing five Chechens to Russia (October 5, 2002) without holding any court, said, International human rights commitments might become pale in comparison with the importance of the anti-terrorist campaign

NanoGene Technologies Essay

NanoGene Technologies, Inc is a life sciences start-up ground on na nonechnology. The firm was founded by an unusually large number of people five employees of the Eastern work of Technologies go on Materials Sciences Lab (AMSL). The founders worked in different sections of AMSL, but they were working on a set of technologies that were linked in the human genome project. Together, the founders developed techniques and compounds that caused the genes to stretch out and sort out up making it a great deal easier for labs to do the cutting and manipulation that is required in symptomatic examination.NanoGene planned to use this technology, which is owned by the Eastern Institute of Technologies, to begin to sell the patented substrate material to diagnostic testing labs around the world. As the lineage model of NanoGene formed, the founders decided to equally split the beauteousness among the five members and all of them would squander the same salary of $120,000. Will Tompkins, one of the founders, was named the CEO. In the first year, NanoGene secured the required intellectual property to the technology by religious offering the Eastern Institute of Technologies 15% in equity and a 3% royalty on sales.Will Tompkins used one of his contacts, an active angel investor, to capture the angel funding of $600,000 at $2.25 million post-money valuation. The value proposition, customer segment, and revenue streams are fairly straight forward. NanoGenes technology offers their target customers, diagnostic testing labs around the world, an easier and faster way to complete diagnostic testing. The sales of the substrate material will provide NanoGene with its source of revenue. Currently, NanoGene is trying to recruit Paige Miller, a Havard personal line of credit School graduate who has been doing some consulting for NanoGene. Additionally, NanoGene is in their Series A funding.NanoGene is looking to raise $10 million which will be sufficient to fund them for 18 m onths, to prove their technology, and to get them to a pilot production. At a meeting with a venture capitalist, NanoGene learned about the issues VCs puzzle with the firm. The first concern the VCs have involves the founding team. The founding team is quite large, five members, and all of the founders are pure scientists with little to no business sleep with. Generally, the VCs invest in technology based start-ups with a founding team of two to three members.Usually one of the founders has had experience driving the commercialization of technology, typically as a Chief scientific Officer at an establishedfirm. The unique size of NanoGenes founding team and their lack of experience is an area of worry for the VCs. The VCs are also implicated about the founding teams decision to compensate all founders equally. The scientists are splitting the equity evenly and are receiving a salary of $120,000 which is, at a minimum, $30,000 more than the annual salary of their former jobs at AM SL.VCs believe the founders and future employees should be compensated based on their added value to the company a strategy commonly practiced in the business world. Typically, biotech CEOs have a higher salary and will retain about 2.5 times as much equity as VP-level founders. The VCs think Will Tompkins should be compensated more and the rest of the founders should be compensated less. NanoGene needs to address the VCs concerns in order for NanoGene to be a viable company. Paige Miller, a consultant for NanoGene, should be part of the solution in eliminating the VCs concerns.The founders have little to no background in business and have not been very professional as a team. In business, team members communicate and are not afraid to disagree with each other. With NanoGene, the founders want to cod everyone happy. The scientist agreed to compensate equally since it would have been disruptive in their opinion to try to determine equity contribution and compensation based on a mor e complicated set of principles. Members didnt want to upset the rest of the team. Additionally, the founders are already having disputes about how to compensate future employees.NanoGene needs someone with business experience who can buoy be professional and focus on the goal of the company.Paige Miller has the business experience and personality NanoGene requires. The only complication is her compensation of $175,000 in salary and 3% of the company equity. Paige Miller can lead the company through the disagreements and difficult challenges they will face in the early stages of development. Will Tompkins does not have enough experience to lead the company and commercialize the technology. The CEO should instead be Paige Miller, who is more qualified than Tompkins. Instead of increasing Tompkins salary and share of equity, NanoGene can compensate Miller. Installing Miller as the CEO will help solve the CEO payment issue and the lack of business experience found at NanoGene. At pres ent, the founders may not be happy about their smaller share of equity and potentially haplesser salaries, but in the long run, the action of making Miller CEO will pay off. Miller has valuable knowledge ofin commercializing technology and running a business, and can guide discussions on the hiring process, the potential compensation policies, the company goals, and company culture. She will also bring the professional touch NanoGene needs. Miller is also one of the a couple of(prenominal) people familiar with the technology and business ideas of NanoGene since she has worked with NanoGene in the past. Without Miller, NanoGene may not get the funding they need to continue as a company.Another outgo priority of NanoGene is proving the technology. This cant be done if there is no funding for the VCs. In the future, NanoGene should conduct more market research on diagnostic tests. Currently, NanoGene has a simple value proposition with a very general customer segment. NanoGene needs to identify specific customer segments of high growth and low competition. Research in other value propositions such as cost and accuracy will help also NanoGenes profitability.

Health Care Interview Paper Essay

There are many different professions that one can deal when entering the health bursting charge field. Nursing is a very popular and needed profession that is vital to armorial bearing for patients. For this paper I slang chosen to discourse my younger cousin who currently works for the VA Hospital in Las Vegas, Nevada as a Registered Nurse in the Medical running(a) Unit. I will constitute the targeted facility and unit she works for, the type of work done within her unit, any interesting, informative, or specific information related to the chosen unit which makes it unique, and a comprehensive description of my cousin, and her responsibilities.The facility that my cousin works at is The Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital. The purpose of this facility is to fulfill President Lincolns reassure To care for him who shall suck in borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan by serving and honoring the men and women who are Americas veteran soldiers. The particular un it she works for is the Medical Surgical Unit.Some of the types of work done in this unit is to consult and coordinate health care team members to assess, plan, implement, and evaluate patients, write up care plans, fudge and administer (orally, subcutaneously, through IV) prescri hind end medication and records, report adverse reactions to medication or intercessions in accordance with the policy in regards to administration of medications by a licensed registered nurse, educate patients on surgical procedures, record patients medical information and vital signs, monitors and adjust any specialized equipment utilise on patients, monitors and adjusts specialized equipment used on patients, and interprets and records electronic displays.More tasks that are required of her in her unit are initiating corrective action whenever the patient displays adverse symptomatology, she also provides bedside care for a wide variety of medical patients including pre- and post-surgery patients, i nitiates patient education plan as prescribed by physician which whitethorn include teaching patients and significant others how to eff their illness/injury by explaining post-treatment home care require such as changes of dressings, insertion of catheters, and starting IVs. Other tasks include preparing equipment, aiding physician during examination and treatment of patient, and participation in discharge planning. All the tasks that she is required to accomplish on a daily basis require that she utilizes meter management skills, attention to details, and accurately record all care information concisely and completely in an efficient manner. A very important trait that she must possess is to be adaptable, and have the ability to perform other duties as assigned.Some interesting, informative, or specific information related to this department that makes it unique are that they cater to the veteran population and an age group that ranges from 50s-90s. She states that working for t he VA Hospital she must say what the veteran have gone through and understand where they are coming from. For instance, she needs to be sensitive to the facts that some of these veterans may suffer from post-traumatic syndrome disorder from war or other causes that may cause them extra stress or fear from being cared for in the Medical Surgical Unit. This requires that my cousin needs to not only have the professional skills that she learned in school, but also requires on sense of compassion that cannot being taught, but comes from within. A sense of empathy would also help in this field as it is allows for the nurse to not only care for the patient professionally, but also on a level that allows them to be cared for on a personal level which may help with the healing operate as they may feel more important, and receiving better care rather than just being seen as another patient.When I was asked to find a health care individual to interview for my paper I chose my younger cousi n because she is newer to the field, and would offer the most current description of her field without any bias that some nurses pass to have after working in the field for so long. She started her nursing career at the age of 23, and she does admit that she did have a hard time relating with her patients because of their ages and the types of experiences that some had to deal with. The transition she explains was hard because unlike her at age 23, these patients were sent off to war to protect their country. Many of them didnt even have the privilege of having an education like she did. Another apparent difference was that her goals were to go to college and advance her career, and her patients goals were fighting for our country, and starting a family was insignificant. Now after being a nurse for a few years she was able to learn their point of views.For example, she explains that telling a veteran to be careful when getting up from the bed to go to the bathroom is embarrassing for them. These men have an idea in their head that theyre still that tough guy who can handle anything, and for individual young like her to tell them to be careful, makes them feel inferior and weak. This then becomes a really difficult communication barrier to overcome and it takes time, effort, and compassion to understand them. In my cousins own words, It is still my job and my responsibility that these veterans are getting the appropriate care they deserve because that is who Ive chosen to work for and what the department of veterans personal business stands for.After my interview with my cousin, I have a new found respect for her, and Medical Surgical Nurses, and those who work with her to care for our Veterans. Not only does she have to handle the difficult, and stressful tasks that she is dealt with everyday, but she also must be able to handle the types of patients that she cares for. These patients have had to go through difficult situations that civilians would never h ave to endure. A civilian would never have to deal with coming back from a war, and possibly have seen many people die, or have that fear that they may die far from home.Having these types of stress that veterans deal with may make their mentality different from regular patients, and in turn cause difficulty for nurses that need to care for them. Therefore, a patient that is cared for with the compassion that my cousin offers as a nurse is very fortunate, and I know that she must feel as though she is make a difference in the lives of the patients she cares for. As I mentioned in the beginning that there are many fields to choose from in healthcare, but a nurse must be able to offer care both professionally and selflessly on levels that are beyond just caring for patient.

British Healthcare System

heath Care in the United Kingdom The British wellness Care system (or National wellnesscare Service NHS) is one of the best in the world. The British government, through the National Health Service, provides the majority of health care. The program is funded by taxes, and the entire system is free at the point of service. Each nation has its declare part of the health care service, so, National Health Service (England) Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland(HSENI), NHS Scotland, and NHS Wales. Each system operates independently, but if a citizen needs treatment in another coarse isnt a problem.Foreign nationals will receive free treatment if they are in an emergency in the United Kingdom, and if you become a permanent resident of the UK and have been there for 12 months you will in addition receive free healthcare. About 18% or (4. 9% of their GDP from 2000-10) of the United Kingdoms bud nominate is used on the NHS, or about ? 119 billion ($190 billion). The Conservatives ar e very sensitive of their brilliant health care plan of course, saying that The NHS is our countrys most precious asset.Over the last two years, because of the trueness of staff across the country, the NHS has maintained or improved quality across the board reducing wait times to record lows, reducing hospital infections to their lowest levels ever, increasing access to dentistry, delivering more doctors and fewer administrators, and enceinte thousands of patients the cancer drugs they need (Conservatives) Currently, there is plenty of denunciation surrounding the NHS among the shadow party, one major come back down being that the NHS is on a fast track to fragmentation. Andy Burnham the shadow health secretary. He said politicians required to challenge the assumption that autonomy always led to improvement. While some organizations had thrived on autonomy, such as inner city teaching hospitals, others had struggled leading to high profile failures such as the deaths at mi d(prenominal) Staffordshire hospital. We are genuinely at a big fork in the road, Burnham said. Were on a fast track to fragmentation. Partnership is very important in that context.Once its been smashed to bits we have to try and glue bits back together. He said the key partnership in the sector was between health and local government, adding that he feared placing commissioning in the hands of clinicians would lead to a patient-centred, rather than person-centred, approach to health. (Guardian) There is still such(prenominal) to be done to make perfect the NHS. The Conservatives have about 6 main goals that needs to get done in the near future * Cutting the cost of NHS administration * We will cut NHS bureaucracy by ? 4. billion over the course of this Parliament and reinvest every penny straight into frontline patient work. * crowing more power to patients * We will allow patients the prime(prenominal) to register with a GP practice of their choice for the first time. * We will roll out personal health budgets allowing people to have more choice, flexibility and control over the health services and care they receive * Giving doctors and nurses the power to commission services for their patients * We will hand over commissioning power to the 212 Clinical Commissioning Groups in April 2013. Conservatives) Also, another criticism is that there could be a possibility for User Spending as stated by professor Lord Darzi A review of the NHSprompted criticism of the government and the department of health for paving the way for substance abuser charging,and so contradicting the NHS Plan 2000 which stated that user charges are unfair and inequitable in they increase the analogy of funding from the unhealthy, old and poor compared with the healthy, young and wealthy.The report also introduces the concept of personal budgets. (Wikipedia/ extravagantly Quality Care For All) Sources http//www. conservatives. com/Policy/Where_we_stand/Health. aspx http//www. g uardian. co. uk/healthcare-network/2012/oct/03/andy-burnham-nhs-reforms-fragmentation http//www. economist. com/node/21557793 Professor Lord Darzi KBE (2008-06-30). High Quality Health Care For All http//www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2008/jul/01/nhs. health1

Quality Audits for Improved Performance Essay

Auditing is simply the positive examination and analysis of data through an independent procedure. Important to feeling is that auditing is not just now somewhat data, it as tumesce as deals with statements, per variantances, records and operations. A myth that compulsions to be demystified is the misconception that auditing deals with m sensationtary fill outs or statements. This is not true. Auditing deals with overall performance, fiscal or other(a)wise. Any subject matter, in essence may be audited. Auditing on that pointfore, trains at collecting data upon which is gathers evidence and makes judgment.The prevalence of organized systems of governments as well as line of descentes way back at round 4000BC necessitated the need for record keeping. These records were both financial and non-financial. These organized governments and coursees needed a way through which they could in good order account for their receipts as w3ell as their disbursements. Moreover, this was a period in which tax collection had just been unvented. There was a need therefore, to check over that the taxes that were collected by the government could be accounted for to prevent all form of misappropriation of the throttle government resources as well as public funds. The consequent need for audits as well as the indication of audits ignore be traced in Babylonia. This was specifically the public pay systems in Babylonia. The rise of this technique can as well be traced back to city states of Italy, capital of Italy and Greece. Specifically the public finance systems of these argonas. The governments in these particular beas had begun to question the authenticity of records that were kept in these areas. The accuracy and competency of officials was excessively being questi sensationd. As a proceeds, there was a need to sleep together up with a system that could take care of these errors of misappropriation, accuracy and incompetence. In a couple of years, there was a need to come up with a way of making accurate records. The consequence of this is that the European systems of book keeping and auditing were introduced in the Non- European countries. denotation Den07 l 1033 (Arter, 2007) This aphorism the introduction of auditing in the United States. During this time, businesses were unending increasing in terms of their sizes as well as their complexities. They also grew in terms of their scope. This emersion created the need of the creation of a separate unit that would create assurance, internal assurance to be more specific that would verify the invoice information impartd by the company. The verification of this information was real essential in the sense that the accounting information provided was used in decision making fulfilles. As a result, it was rattling vital to ensure that the financial information provided had to have high degrees of accuracy. This necessitated the need to come up with a procedure that would ens ure the accuracy of such information. The best way to gauge this information provided was through the lick of auditing. It therefore became a prerequisite for managers, reporting agents and accounting expertise to unceasingly review and summarize their reports in a way that it could be given meaning. The aim of this was to ensure sufficient objectivity in the records that were provided. It also in put awayed discipline in the procedures that were necessary in accounting. However, this proved not is enough as some of the stakeholders still revea guide some degrees of incompetence. However, this process did not fail entirely. The process has a couple of successes that can be attributed to it. The process had one study success. It led to the creation of the auditing technique. One may ask how. Auditing came along as a way of ensuring that even these timely and accurate records and reports that had to be submitted were subjected to preview and analysis. The result of this was the cre ation of the Institute of upcountry Audit in the United States of America. This was extremely important since it ensured that the placements, whether governmental or non-governmental, came up with ways to ensure complete independence and objectivity. CITATION Der08 l 1033 (Derek Matthews, 2008)The process of auditing has its sustain historical journey. Initially, this technique existed with the sole aim of accounting for the government and specifically, it was concerned with record keeping. However, the industrial revolution saw auditing evolving from this level to the next. The industrial revolution, which took step up between 1750 and 1850, saw the process of auditing having more serious functions. During this period, auditing was given another meaning. The objectives of conducting auditing also change auditing became a necessary process with the aim of detecting fraud as well as ensuring financial function other than its initial function of keeping records. This is because the period of industrial revolution was coupled with intense business growths. Businesses grew into actually large enterprises. As a result, it became increasingly difficult for business owners to constantly keep go come forth over their businesses. This necessitated the creation of a technique that would help keep an eye on all the financial procedures. The functions of auditing were therefore given numerous branches. At this time, auditing was mainly aimed at ensuring accuracy and preventing fraud. CITATION San08 l 1033 (Sandy cutting edge Esch, 2008)In the early 20th century, there was a need to standardize the testing methods that were used by auditors as well as their reporting practices. The main reason behind this transition was to ensure uniformity in the auditing field. This period saw to it that the roles of auditors, their methods of auditing as well as their auditing practices were all comprehensive through a clear-cut procedure. As a result, auditors came up with a system of examining a selected try from a company in detail as opposed to analyzing each and every transaction made by the company in detail. This is because the role of auditors was becoming increasingly important and consequently, the demand for their services grew as well. They therefore had to come up with a system that would help greatly when it came to the issue of time consumption. This was the take system. However, it is important to note that the sample chosen had to be representative in the sense that the reasons for its choice needed to be justifiable. This system of sampling is still in use to date since it has been found to be less costly as well as time saving. However, it is not used all the time. Its use is subject to a couple of limitations. For instance, in the case of gross errors and serious fraudulent activities, sampling is used. Instead, the whole company is audited. This is because such issues require very high standards of precision. This is referred to a s risk based auditing whereby it is first established whether an auditing is needed. Thereafter, a full scale audit, kind of of a representative audit follows. CITATION Rob09 l 1033 (Moeller, 2009)The demand for auditing, and in this case, both internal and foreign auditing, has its source in the 19th century. During this time, there was the Industrial Revolution As discussed above and therefore there was a dire need of creating an accounting procedure. This was aimed at cutting down of errors that came with record keeping, checking finance misappropriation, asset misappropriation as well as cased of fraud within organizations that are not business conformed as well. The need and origin of auditing is traced to the period slightly after the evolution of accounting. In the case that mortal did not trust the honesty of another man, there arose the issue of fidelity. As a result, this necessitated the need to come up with a process through which the honesty of this man could be tes ted. This gave rise to the process of auditing. CITATION Rob09 l 1033 (Moeller, 2009)Necessity is surely the mother of invention. It became necessary to come up with a system that could easily provide a way in which accounting was put into perspective. This led to the creation of the auditing technique. However, it is very important to note that even with the invention of auditing, there came a couple of challenges. For instance, the gap between management and action constantly increased. This made it extremely necessary to come up with a means through which businesses could be managed efficiently. The result of this was the diversification of the roles of auditing. Instead of counterchecking financial records and detecting frauds, auditing was given other functions. For instance, the technique was now using d to ascertain the extent to which the assets of a company are held account for. This included the extent to which these assets were safeguarded from any form of losses. checkin g the degree of quality of the performance with regard to the carrying out of certain responsibilities review and appraisal of the levels of adequacy, soundness and largely the application of specific financial tools as well as tools of operation the technique of auditing was also evaluate to establish the extent to which organizations, rather, the departments in organizations complied to the policies that had to set out. This was also to establish the level to which these departments complied with the set out plans and strategies of their institutions Finally, auditing was also assigned another major role. It was charged with the responsibility of ascertaining the level to which accounting and data provided by accounting could be relied on. Clearly, the functions of auditing had become diversified compared to the time when the technique was invented. CITATION Rob09 l 1033 (Moeller, 2009)With t5ime, auditing was divided into two major categories internal auditing and external audi ting. The former refers to the process by which the financial and organizational records of a company are checked by expertise within the organization. This is the reason as to why each and every organization ought to have an internal audit section. The latter, just like its name suggests involves the process of auditing by expertise from international the organization. External auditing is extremely important in the sense that it allows non-partisan expertise to gauge the performance of the organization. As a result, external auditing is believed to give a clearer picture of what is happening in the organization. Internal auditing was charged with certain responsibilities it was meant to look in the process of communication within the organization in terms of the scope, the performance and the objectives of the organization. In other words, it helped to organization to establish the objectives that it had not meet so far through the gauging of the performance, it also helped to e stablish the successes as well as the failures of an organization. Consequently, this helped, or rather still helps organizations to come up with well laid out strategies that could ensure that they meet their objectives as well as reconcile their failures. CITATION Den07 l 1033 (Arter, 2007)The history of auditing can be said to be greatly connected to disciplines that are associated with communication of information that deals with economic events. This is disregardless of whether the institution in question is part of the government or whether it is an institution is in the private sector. The organic evolution in the communication of economic activities therefore goes hand in hand with the developments in auditing. Writing for instance, led to the need to record the exchange or transfers of economic goods. The developments in accounting and auditing created the need for the establishment of business of the people in authority. The benefits that came with trading as well as th e economic benefits of private sector enthronization came as a result of having accounts of transactions whether it was transactions with others or accounts of trading activities. The reasons for the measurement in ones permanent income or rather ones wealth led to the need for one to be able to account for and audit his or her own equity. There was also the need of chartering companies with limited liability. This limited liability was subjected to a series of certain specifications of reporting requirements. These reporting requirements are basically reports from auditing firms. whole these were as a result of the rising demand for capital with the huge business projects in the Industrial Revolution. CITATION San08 l 1033 (Sandy van Esch, 2008)Today, the process of auditing has made great milestones ever since the time of its inception. To put this issue into perspective, we have seen the various stages that auditing has gone through. The functions of auditing have also been div ersified. Currently, auditing is not only aimed at detection of frauds and financial accountability of the employees of a company .Auditing has also given a platform for companies to have an insight into their own activities. This is one of the reasons as to why internal audits are carried out. It is now described as a very labor intensive job, however, very important for the success of any organization. It offers correction to organization after detecting irregularities. It also gives the way forward for companies by providing ways through which the technical financial mishaps detected in the auditing process can be avoided in future. It is also very clear that the history of auditing made a great, actually the greatest mark in history in the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution saw massive growth of businesses which required constant checking and counterchecking of the financial records which were subject to various manipulations by incompetent officials. Today, auditi ng firms are one of the major profit making firms due to the high demand of their services. Auditing has become extremely important in todays society and its importance can never be underestimated. CITATION Der08 l 1033 (Derek Matthews, 2008)Referencesl 1033 Arter, D. R. (2007). Quality Audits for Improved Performance. ASQ Quality Press.Derek Matthews, . P. (2008). The Auditors TalkAn Oral History on the Profession. New York psychological science Press.Moeller, R. R. (2009). Brinks Modern Internal Auditing. New York Wiley and Sons.Sandy van Esch, . P. (2008). The Principles and Practice of Auditing. Jutaonline Publishers.Source document

Importance of nutrition during the Infancy and Toddler-hood period Essay

Children ar a blessing from God and it is thus important that we ensure that those bundles of joy are well don care of. Infants are generally taken to be children from birth to around one year, and it becomes therefore important to give them utmost care since they are at their most vulnerable stage in life. This care should not only be restrict to attention and love but most importantly should be the focus of what and how best to rust the infant. Scientists keep up uttered their belief that what we feed our infants might have drastic consequences later in life.These consequences include much(prenominal) conditions as diabetes and obesity and the rampant rate of obesity in developed countries might just be a reflection of the inability of parents to feed their childrens appropriately (Fallows & Kingham, 2005). Doctors have stated categorically that child4ren should be fed milk only during the first six months of their lives and it should be cardd that faulting this wise coun sel could luck the health of these infants in the future.Breast milk contains all the vital nutrients that an infant need in ordain to grow and appropriate vitamins to boost his/her immune system top fend off diseases. It is important to note that while it is advisable to feed the infant using dope milk, infants could also be fed with expression as a supplement of breast milk. There are many reasons why many mothers learn to use formula to feed their babies. Some simply find out that breastfeeding does not work for them either for psychological or practical reasons.The demands of life that leads to very busy lifestyles work against the need for mothers to be with their children integral time and formula simply happens to be a better alternative. However, there are still those who express their breast milk in feeding bottles and the milk is fed to the infant by someone else who is usable to care for the toddler (Ward, 2009). Infants usually need to feed eight to twelve times i n a day since they are maturation rapidly and the proteins inside the milk are a vital dowery for this growth.For those with infants who sleep a lot, it is advisable to wake them regularly in order to feed the since failure to do so might hamper their growth. It is also recommended that parents take their babies to the clinic to have them weighed and observed to ensure that they are growing in a healthy manner and acquire vital information about how best to take care of their babies. There are signs to observe during the sixth month to signify that the infant is diligent to take over being weaned.This include such goal when the featherbed can sit up, baby does not turn away the food put in its mouth, can pick up food stuffs and stuff it into the mouth and an change magnitude appetite for milk. Babies should be weaned slowly with a meal per day and it is important to continue breast feeding at least till one year. Some of the food which one can feed and infant include cereals , soft fruits, rice and vegetables that can be crushed. However, around 10 months infants are ready to be introduced to adult foods but such a transition should be handled with utmost care.As the baby becomes a toddler a period which lasts from between 12 months to 24 months, his food needs increases. During this period the toddler starts to walk and he requires increased proteins for growth and energy foods to sustain his activities. At this period toddlers may change their eating habits due to changes in growth patterns. Moreover, toddlers become choosy when it comes to certain foods and it is nothing to do with illness. Again, parents needs top be careful about the food they feed the infants and toddlers since some of them might be allergic and impair the health of this babies.They should therefore make a point of seeking information diligently about how best to feed their children (Papalia, Wendkos & Duskin, 2007). References Fallows,C. & Karen Kingham, K. (2005). Baby & Toddle r Food. Murdoch books. Papalia, D. , Wendkos S. & Duskin, R. (2007). A Childs World babyhood through Adolescence11th Ed. McGraw-Hill Ward, E. (2009). What to Feed Your Baby and Toddler. Retrieved May 17, 2009 from http//children. webmd. com/guide/what-to-feed-your-baby-toddler.

High availability Essay

In the advent of the computer age, the growth of the internet has also necessitated the development of technologies that are non only capable to cope with the demands of drug users but also within the limitations of current ironware. With multitasking having evolved into the norm, the availability of media and acts online has made it more and more important to providehigh availability (Marcus 2003).The mission-critical applications that have surfaced on the internet have placed added rack to make sure that highly available services are always ready. As such, this brief word will attempt to discuss the current state of high availability technology as hearty as any recent trends or variations that have surfaced. High Availability, as the term suggests, refers to ashess or instruments in information technology that are not only interminably available but also continuously operational for long periods of time (Marcus 2003).The term availability is used to refer to the access th at the users or members of user community have to the system. This type of access or ability can accommodate anything from up interferenceing files, to changing entries, modify works or even just scanning previous works (Marcus 2003). The failure to access the system results in downtime or unavailability. An example of this would be the manner by which community users like to be able to use Facebook to chat, watch videos, update links and upload pictures all at the same time.With a profit that has Low Availability, the users will occasionally experience failures with regard to logging in or accessing different functions of the website because of the needful downtime for system updating and maintenance (Ulrick 2010). This downtime can be prejudicial for a website or an internet application because it reduces the desirability of the technology. With the pressure on to provide complete and persistent accessibility, companies have tried to achieve the best 100% operational or neve r failing Availability Status . One way of providing more or less perpetual availability (High Availability) is by creating clusters.These computer systems or networks consist of several pieces that act as back-ups or fail over processing mechanism that store data and allow for access. This includes the Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) or the fund Area Network (SAN), which are used as back up storage devices to ensure constant availability (Marcus 2003). These systems, however, are constantly evolving and changing depending on the technology that is available and developed such as systems that have solid membership administration, consistent group communication sub-systems, quoram sub-systems, and even concurrent control sub-systems, among another(prenominal)s.By creating a clustered computer system or network, backups are created in the form of redundancies for both hardware and software. This is achieved by forming or grouping several independent nodes with each of them simultaneously running a simulate of the operating system (OS) and the application software (Marcus 2003). Whenever there is a failure in any of the nodes or when daemon failures occur, the system can quickly be reconfigured and the existing workload is then passed on to the other available or functional nodes within the cluster.Thus, there is always, theoretically, one system that is available and running to breed the services and access for the user community. It was reported in 1996 that the lost revenue and productivity due to downtime amounted to over US$ 4. 54 billion for American businesses alone (IBM 1998). As such, High availability has been consistently upgrading and evolving to be able to address this issue. The recent development include the creation of High Availability Clusters (HA Clusters or Failover Clusters).The purpose of this is that it provides greater High Availability by operating several computer clusters at the same time. bit this applies the same notion as High Availability, it attempts to create several failover systems and clusters that cater to this. It does, however, retain the same concept of constant monitoring to make sure that the systems are running as programmed and as planned. Recent look for in this field has shown that there is also a diminishing return principle that can be applied.Up until recently, it was thought that by creating an expansive network and creating several clusters, the availability could be increased proportionally. However, there are findings that show that High Availability decreases when there are more components that are added to the system. This means that preferably of improving the process it is instead undermined by the installation of additional components. The reason for this, according to Chee-Wei Ang, is that the more labyrinthian a system the more potential failures arise (Ang 2007).Since there are more systems to monitor, it becomes more thorny to point out exactly where th e problem is. This can be compared to a complicated plumbing system wherein it becomes difficult to find the source of the leak. Though it has been argued by experts that a number of highly available systems utilise a simple design architecture which features high quality multipurpose systems. Yet even with this, it cannot edit the basic fact that theses systems still require constant upgrading, patching and maintenance.The recent developments in this field include the creation of more advanced systems designs that streamline and facilitate the maintenance of systems without the need for compromising the availability. This has been achieved by doing load balancing and more advanced failover techniques. It is admitted, however, that while there are several developments, like all hardware devices these systems are also prone to human error and typical wear and tear which cannot be avoided though their effects can be mitigated by the introduction of more effective and efficient means .

The Count or Monte Cristo

four-card monte Cristo is paying an older hu existence being to act as marquis Bartolomeo Calvacanti, commence of Andrea Calvacanti. They argon both receiving an allowance to act as Andrea Calvacanti. They atomic number 18 presented to 1 anformer(a). monte Cristo alike invites them to his dinner party party. He intends to introduce Andrea Calvacanti to Parisien parliamentary procedure. compendium monte Cristo is here backcloth the stage for Calvacantis entrance to Parisien society where he go forth be instrumental in the downfall of Villefort, Caderousse, and Danglars. Chapter 32 In this chapter one learns that Maximilien Morrel and Valentine are in slam.Valentines contract however, is to marry her off to Franz dEpinay, whom she can never love. Her step stick is argue to the fancy of her marrying in frequent for it means that Madame de Villeforts son pass on have nonhing to inherit, for valentine give conform to the probability. Valentine and Maximilien meet in the garden, barely Valentine must hurry off to meet her stepmother. Analysis This chapter presents Valentines marriage dilemma. Her father still is trying to give up his ties to the Bonapartists. He thus wishes to marry her to the son of a staunch royalist.Valentine, however, is juxtaposed to her Bonapartist grandfather. Noirtier will reveal his biggest conundrum to save her from the arms of a man she does non love. This chapter to a fault presents Valentines stepmother as a greedy mother who only seeks funds for her son. This womans monetary greed foreshadows the tragedies that will strike the Villefort posthold. She is in fact a reflect image of Villefort, who was willing to sacrifice human life for is own gain. Chapter 33 Monsieur and Madame de Villefort live with Noirtier, Villeforts aged paralyzed father.Noirtiers fortune shall pass to Valentine upon her marriage. Thus, in this chapter, the Villeforts proceed to Noirtiers chamber to tell him of Valentines approach shot marriage to Baron Franz dEpinay. Noirtier is unable(p) to speak since he suffered a stroke, however his discomfort and fury at this arrangement is apparent. There is existed more political enmity amidst Noirtier and this family. In fact, Noirtier was suspected of murdering the Barons father. Villeforts goal in marrying Valentine to the Baron is thus to hush suspicion of this assassination. Valentine is summoned.She alone can decipher the old mans thoughts. He decides to form a will disinheriting Valentine if she marries the Baron. She, of course, approves of this for she does not wish to marry the Baron. She will still have Noirtiers love. Valentine as well as has other sources of income. Thus, Noirtiers actions are a menace to Villefort, not Valentine. Villefort, however, will not allow themselves to be intimidated by the whims of an old man. Let him donate his money to charity, says Madame de Villefort, for he has also made it clear that the money will not go to Madame de Villeforts son.Analysis This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter. Noirtier attempts to save Valentine from marriage. By denying her of his fortune, ( entirely not his love) he hopes to embarrass her father from marrying her to Franz. He will have to resort to greater measures, however. Only after he reveals his delinquency in the death of Franz dEpinays father Chapter 34 The view visits the Villeforts to remind them to attend his dinner party at his Auteuil house. Monsieur de Villefort of course recognizes the address of this haunting house.It is the one where he was stabbed attempting to bury his live newborn child. The Count also sends a telegram to Debray in this chapter relating a contrived news bulletin of a political booby hatch in Spain. Debray thus rushes to Danglars wife telling her to recommend to her conserve that he sell all his Spanish bonds. He does so, though he loses money. At the end of the day when the news is proven rancid, the bonds rise to doubly their original value. The net wrong for Danglars is thus a million francs. Analysis The Counts mechanism to destroy dickens of his enemies is set in motion.He insists that the Villeforts attend, flat though this shall be precise emotionally taxing for the public prosecutor. The Count also is responsible for providing false information to Debray. This will cause Danglars to speculate incorrectly and lose one million francs. Chapter 35 The guests nonplus at the dinner party. three-card monte Cristo serves them astounding exotic foods. Bertuccio, his servant recognizes Andrea Calvacanti as the newborn baby he has salve from Villeforts box. It is the baby his sister in law raised. He also recognizes Madame Danglars as the woman Villefort employ to visit at Auteuil.After dinner, Monte Cristo gives the guests a tour of the house and makes some(prenominal) insinuations that a crime was connected in his new house. He gives the guest a tour, finally spark advance them to t he garden where he says he dug up the skeleton of a newborn baby. All the piece of music he has observed Villefort and Madame Danglars tremble. Analysis The Counts tour causes Villefort and Madame Danglars much psychological trauma. The rest of the guests are astounded at the Counts exotic hospitality. The exotic foods are a symbol of the Counts worldliness. He is no longer a nave youth.Villefort trembles because he immediately realizes that the Count knows the secrets of his past. He is aware that there was no skeleton interred in the garden, for he had searched for this very same skeleton and had never set up it. Thus, he is aware that the computation is lying to everyone by saw that he had found the remains of a newborn baby. Chapter 36 Caderousse returns as an escaped convict and enters Andrea Calvacantis appearance as he is leaving Monte Cristos dinner party. He demands a cut of what Calvacanti is being pay by Monte Cristo. Andrea agrees. AnalysisThis chapter links both Caderousse and Calvacanti (Benedetto). It creates tension between the two that shall not be resolved until Benedetto kills Caderousse when he attempts to rob the Count. Chapter 37 Monsieur Debray, upon leaving Monte Cristos dinner party, returns to Madame Danglars residence. He notices her agitation but she denies any trouble. Danglars enters their suite. He advises his wife that she should not keep Debray away from his house late at shadow since Debrays residence is some distance away. Debray is shocked at this intrusion.Danglars, however, wins the battle of address between himself and his wife. Debray leaves. Danglars proceeds to doomed her for ruining his fortune. He demands that she pay him a quarter of what he illogical because it was at her request that he had sold his Spanish bonds. After all, he reasons, when he earns money he pays her a cut of the profits. When he gives her this money he claims that he does not ask her where she spends it, though he insinuates that he knows she passes it on to Debray. Thus, if she does not have the money to pay for the loss, she should ask Debray for the money.Danglars knows all about her love affairs. He knows that Debray is not the first, and he tolerates it until it dips into his fortune. He even knows that her past includes her lover Monsieur de Villefort, and that she was at one clock time six months pregnant by him. Madame Danglars is overwhelmed. Analysis Monte Cristo has succeeded in ruining a million francs of Danglars fortune by providing false companionship to Debray. Danglars consequently falsely speculated after his wife relayed Debrays false information. Thus Monte Cristo is on the road to destroying the man who was the mastermind behind his incarceration.His destruction must occur slowly, however, just as he was made to decompose slowly away in prison. Chapter 38 Danglars pays a visit to Monte Cristo. He complains of his investment adviser, Jacopo, who never made a mistake till now. He just bem used seven hundred green francs at Trieste. Calvacanti is also opening credit with Danglars, and Monte Cristo backs up this mans marvelous fortune verbally for Danglars. He also mentions that Calvacantis son may be looking for a Parisien wife. Danglars, the piston is intrigued at this prospect.He reveals to Monte Cristo that he is not completely sure about his daughters engagement to Albert de Morcerf.. Danglars was made a baron, but de Morcerf made himself a count. They are both of humble birth, but there has been scandal inclined to Morcerfs name. Monte Cristo feigns vague commemoration of the Ali Pasha affair. Analysis Monte Cristo continues to destroy Danglars financially. He also wishes to injure Danglars publicly. He thus introduces Danglars to the idea that Calvacanti may be looking for a Parisien wife such as Eugenie.Danglars shall make the arrangements for the betrothal disdain his daughters wishes. Chapter 39 Madame Danglars visits Monsieur de Villefort, for he had given her an appointment to discuss the previous evenings events. mobilize that Monte Cristo had told his guests that he had found a skeleton in the backyard of a newborn baby. However, Villefort now admits to Madame Danglars that this is out of the question. It is impossible because he had returned after his recovery from the Corsicans stabbing to remark the garden devoid of any box containing the knackered child.He thus assumes that the Corsican saved the child and that it is alive. Monte Cristo must know their secret and he swears to find out how. Within a week he says he will know who Monte Cristo very is, where he comes from, and why he knows their secret. Analysis This chapter clarifies that Madame Danglars did not know that her baby was born alive. She believed it to be a stillbirth. She was unaware of Villeforts evil sin. Ironically, Villefort will soon know Monte Cristos true identity, but only in one case he has been ruined and Monte Cristo chooses to deliver the fina l blow.Chapter 40 Albert returns from Treport and visits Monte Cristo. Albert states that the thought of living with silver perch Danglars every day horrifies him. Monte Cristo reassures Albert by stating that Monsieur Danglars may back out on his word in favor of another(prenominal) husband for his daughter. At this Albert wonders why he is not good enough for Danglars, disdain his desire to be justify of the duty to marry. Monte Cristo reassures Albert Danglars is a man of bad taste, and thus prefers another to Albert.The Count or Monte CristoMonte Cristo is paying an older gentleman to act as Marquis Bartolomeo Calvacanti, father of Andrea Calvacanti. They are both receiving an allowance to act as Andrea Calvacanti. They are presented to one another. Monte Cristo also invites them to his dinner party. He intends to introduce Andrea Calvacanti to Parisien society. Analysis Monte Cristo is here setting the stage for Calvacantis entrance to Parisien society where he will be instru mental in the downfall of Villefort, Caderousse, and Danglars. Chapter 32 In this chapter one learns that Maximilien Morrel and Valentine are in love.Valentines father however, is to marry her off to Franz dEpinay, whom she can never love. Her stepmother is opposed to the idea of her marrying in general for it means that Madame de Villeforts son will have nothing to inherit, for valentine will receive the fortune. Valentine and Maximilien meet in the garden, but Valentine must hurry off to meet her stepmother. Analysis This chapter presents Valentines marriage dilemma. Her father still is trying to loose his ties to the Bonapartists. He thus wishes to marry her to the son of a staunch royalist.Valentine, however, is closer to her Bonapartist grandfather. Noirtier will reveal his biggest secret to save her from the arms of a man she does not love. This chapter also presents Valentines stepmother as a greedy mother who only seeks funds for her son. This womans monetary greed foreshado ws the tragedies that will strike the Villefort household. She is in fact a mirror image of Villefort, who was willing to sacrifice human life for is own gain. Chapter 33 Monsieur and Madame de Villefort live with Noirtier, Villeforts aged paralyzed father.Noirtiers fortune shall pass to Valentine upon her marriage. Thus, in this chapter, the Villeforts proceed to Noirtiers chamber to tell him of Valentines coming marriage to Baron Franz dEpinay. Noirtier is unable to speak since he suffered a stroke, however his discomfort and fury at this arrangement is apparent. There is existed much political enmity between Noirtier and this family. In fact, Noirtier was suspected of murdering the Barons father. Villeforts goal in marrying Valentine to the Baron is thus to allay suspicion of this assassination. Valentine is summoned.She alone can decipher the old mans thoughts. He decides to make a will disinheriting Valentine if she marries the Baron. She, of course, approves of this for she do es not wish to marry the Baron. She will still have Noirtiers love. Valentine also has other sources of income. Thus, Noirtiers actions are a threat to Villefort, not Valentine. Villefort, however, will not allow themselves to be intimidated by the whims of an old man. Let him donate his money to charity, says Madame de Villefort, for he has also made it clear that the money will not go to Madame de Villeforts son.Analysis This chapter is a continuation of the previous chapter. Noirtier attempts to save Valentine from marriage. By denying her of his fortune, (but not his love) he hopes to prevent her father from marrying her to Franz. He will have to resort to greater measures, however. Only after he reveals his guilt in the death of Franz dEpinays father Chapter 34 The Count visits the Villeforts to remind them to attend his dinner party at his Auteuil house. Monsieur de Villefort of course recognizes the address of this haunting house.It is the one where he was stabbed attempting to bury his live newborn child. The Count also sends a telegram to Debray in this chapter relating a contrived news bulletin of a political chaos in Spain. Debray thus rushes to Danglars wife telling her to recommend to her husband that he sell all his Spanish bonds. He does so, though he loses money. At the end of the day when the news is proven false, the bonds rise to twice their original value. The net loss for Danglars is thus a million francs. Analysis The Counts mechanism to destroy two of his enemies is set in motion.He insists that the Villeforts attend, even though this shall be very emotionally taxing for the public prosecutor. The Count also is responsible for providing false information to Debray. This will cause Danglars to speculate incorrectly and lose one million francs. Chapter 35 The guests arrive at the dinner party. Monte Cristo serves them astounding exotic foods. Bertuccio, his servant recognizes Andrea Calvacanti as the newborn baby he has saved from Villefor ts box. It is the baby his sister in law raised. He also recognizes Madame Danglars as the woman Villefort used to visit at Auteuil.After dinner, Monte Cristo gives the guests a tour of the house and makes several insinuations that a crime was committed in his new house. He gives the guest a tour, finally leading them to the garden where he says he dug up the skeleton of a newborn baby. All the while he has observed Villefort and Madame Danglars tremble. Analysis The Counts tour causes Villefort and Madame Danglars much psychological trauma. The rest of the guests are astounded at the Counts exotic hospitality. The exotic foods are a symbol of the Counts worldliness. He is no longer a naive youth.Villefort trembles because he now realizes that the Count knows the secrets of his past. He is aware that there was no skeleton buried in the garden, for he had searched for this very same skeleton and had never found it. Thus, he is aware that the count is lying to everyone by saying that he had found the remains of a newborn baby. Chapter 36 Caderousse returns as an escaped convict and enters Andrea Calvacantis carriage as he is leaving Monte Cristos dinner party. He demands a cut of what Calvacanti is being paid by Monte Cristo. Andrea agrees. AnalysisThis chapter links both Caderousse and Calvacanti (Benedetto). It creates tension between the two that shall not be resolved until Benedetto kills Caderousse when he attempts to rob the Count. Chapter 37 Monsieur Debray, upon leaving Monte Cristos dinner party, returns to Madame Danglars residence. He notices her agitation but she denies any trouble. Danglars enters their suite. He advises his wife that she should not keep Debray away from his house late at night since Debrays residence is some distance away. Debray is shocked at this intrusion.Danglars, however, wins the battle of words between himself and his wife. Debray leaves. Danglars proceeds to blame her for ruining his fortune. He demands that she pay him a q uarter of what he lost because it was at her request that he had sold his Spanish bonds. After all, he reasons, when he earns money he pays her a cut of the profits. When he gives her this money he claims that he does not ask her where she spends it, though he insinuates that he knows she passes it on to Debray. Thus, if she does not have the money to pay for the loss, she should ask Debray for the money.Danglars knows all about her love affairs. He knows that Debray is not the first, and he tolerates it until it dips into his fortune. He even knows that her past includes her lover Monsieur de Villefort, and that she was at one time six months pregnant by him. Madame Danglars is overwhelmed. Analysis Monte Cristo has succeeded in ruining a million francs of Danglars fortune by providing false knowledge to Debray. Danglars consequently falsely speculated after his wife relayed Debrays false information. Thus Monte Cristo is on the road to destroying the man who was the mastermind beh ind his incarceration.His destruction must occur slowly, however, just as he was made to rot slowly away in prison. Chapter 38 Danglars pays a visit to Monte Cristo. He complains of his investment adviser, Jacopo, who never made a mistake till now. He just lost seven hundred thousand francs at Trieste. Calvacanti is also opening credit with Danglars, and Monte Cristo backs up this mans incredible fortune verbally for Danglars. He also mentions that Calvacantis son may be looking for a Parisien wife. Danglars, the speculator is intrigued at this prospect.He reveals to Monte Cristo that he is not completely sure about his daughters engagement to Albert de Morcerf.. Danglars was made a baron, but de Morcerf made himself a count. They are both of humble birth, but there has been scandal attached to Morcerfs name. Monte Cristo feigns vague recollection of the Ali Pasha affair. Analysis Monte Cristo continues to destroy Danglars financially. He also wishes to humiliate Danglars publicly. He thus introduces Danglars to the idea that Calvacanti may be looking for a Parisien wife such as Eugenie.Danglars shall make the arrangements for the betrothal despite his daughters wishes. Chapter 39 Madame Danglars visits Monsieur de Villefort, for he had given her an appointment to discuss the previous evenings events. Recollect that Monte Cristo had told his guests that he had found a skeleton in the backyard of a newborn baby. However, Villefort now admits to Madame Danglars that this is impossible. It is impossible because he had returned after his recuperation from the Corsicans stabbing to find the garden devoid of any box containing the dead child.He thus assumes that the Corsican saved the child and that it is alive. Monte Cristo must know their secret and he swears to find out how. Within a week he says he will know who Monte Cristo really is, where he comes from, and why he knows their secret. Analysis This chapter clarifies that Madame Danglars did not know that her b aby was born alive. She believed it to be a stillbirth. She was unaware of Villeforts evil sin. Ironically, Villefort will soon know Monte Cristos true identity, but only once he has been ruined and Monte Cristo chooses to deliver the final blow.Chapter 40 Albert returns from Treport and visits Monte Cristo. Albert states that the thought of living with Mademoiselle Danglars every day horrifies him. Monte Cristo reassures Albert by stating that Monsieur Danglars may back out on his word in favor of another husband for his daughter. At this Albert wonders why he is not good enough for Danglars, despite his desire to be rid of the duty to marry. Monte Cristo reassures Albert Danglars is a man of bad taste, and thus prefers another to Albert.