Nigerian Out Of Wedlock Births Health And Social Care Essay

Nigerian Out Of Wedlock Births wellness And Social C be Es tellThe concept of childbearing, grandness and marri succession ho utilize unbrokenly been linked together in Nigeria. In the 1990s, off of marri maturate ceremony giving brook was rapidly increasing despite Nigerians ethnical influence on its population. Nigerians marry to bring children, and marri come along has nitty-gritty only when a child is natural(p) or in fact survives (Uche C. Isiugo-Abanihe, 1994). According to Ol utiliseverya(1982), marri advance in Nigeria is so closely linked with childbearing that a change in the pattern of marri period needs influence birth rate and the rate of population growth.Data presented in this report atomic number 18 derived from the demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Nigeria in 1990. This was d iodine by Federal smirch of Statistics, Nigeria, and IRD/Macro International, United States. This look interviewed 8,781 women vul usher outized 15-49. All statistical se lective information and sample in this project was obtained from this article.In this dissertation, we impart focalize on the noble level of unwanted pregnancy and out of wedlock birth occurring in Nigeria as a result of low levels of contraceptive use among women in m each parts of the country. This project pull up stakes reveals wide variation in levels of contraceptive use among get hitched with and sexually agile un matrimonial women. both(prenominal) groups hurt a significant unmet need for family training, but the argues for their need differ. we will use old and anterior data and play alongs collected and conducted during the 1990s by the Nigerian federal office of statistics to explain and solve theoretically and statistically the purpose of this project which is to explain the out of wedlock birth per woman amidst mid-fifties and 1980s in Nigeria. All statistical element of this project will be done development sampling and metre error. Selection from the e ntire country to determine the mellowness, determinants of fertility and fertility regulations that led to an extend in out of wedlock birth during the 1970s to 1990s. Relatively, little empirical work has been conducted for out of wedlock birth in Nigeria. The statistical used in this project has been conducted by the NDHS(Nigerian demographic Health Survey) in general drawn from the bailiwick Master Sample for the 1987/1992 guinea pig Integrated Survey of Households (NISH) and the 1973 Nigerian census result. there is wide regional variation in the timing of marriage among Nigerian women. More than nine in 10 women aged 20-24 in the northernmost east and northeast due west had unite by age 20, comp ared with half(a) to collar fourths of women in the three southern regions (The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2005 series, No4).Nigeria is one of the largest countries in Africa and the most populated down in the mouth Country in the world with a population of oer 100 million pot, nearly twice the size of any other African country. The sexual union East and North West regions are preponderantly Muslim, the reciprocal ohm East and sec regions are mostly Christians, each with its own values and traditions regarding marriage, sexual behaviour, pedagogics and childbearing. thither are major regional and educational differences in fertility. Women in the north carry, on fair, one child much than women in the south and women with no education have two children more than women who sin little secondary or high schooling. According to the NDHS survey, the fertility rate of a Nigerian woman between the ages of 15-49 from 1978-1990 moved from 5.9 to 6.0 significantly with an average of 6 children.Source Nigeria demographic and Health Survey, 1990.Source Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 1990.The project reveals a big difference in levels of contraceptive use among get hitched with and sexually diligent widowed women. Both groups have a signific ant unmet need for family planning, but the reasons for their need differ. The study directs direction toward far-reaching health policy and program responses that affect birth rate in Nigeria. The numerous ethnic groups ready in Nigeria contribute considerable cultural diversity. In 1960s, Many article described the growth in Nigerias out of wedlock birth rate as a brief ex acknowledgementment amongst the Nigerian people that they had achieved independence finally, some presumed it to be illiteracy but a close study proved differently (study show that out of wedlock birth was more frequent among the most educated women (meekers, 1994b Calves2000 Emina 2005), excitement of maternity amongst teenage girls played a minor role, and also the brief civil war that began in 1967 and terminate in 1970 played a bigger role in the whole analysis. The Nigerian fertility survey during 1981/82 put the average number of child birth per woman at 6.4 %( mostly out of wedlock). Although the dat a here suggest a slight decline from in the 1970s rate, the level is stock-still relatively high.(www.onlinenigeria.com). During the civil war, many women were reluctant in getting married to prevent bearing the unhinge of being widows and war casualties. This centreed their judgement and led to more pregnancies among women that are unwedded. According to some data analysed during that period by Donald Jonathan, Approximately 45% of children born among teenage women in Nigeria at that time were conceived foreign of marriage double the level recorded during the same period among women aged 18 and older (Donald 1979). This was a huge jump in the growth of the countries fast growing general population. The ball Bank estimated Nigerias yearbook growth rate was rising during the 1950s. Although other sources differed on the exact figure, virtually all sources agreed that the annual rate of population growth in the country had increased from the 1950s through most of the 1980s. Th e administration estimated a 2% rate of population growth for most of the country between 1953 and 1962. For the period between 1965 and 1973, the terra firma Bank estimated Nigerias growth rate at 2.5%, increasing to 2.7 percent between 1973 and 1983. Before 1970, the dirt of unwed motherhood was so great that few women were willing to bear children outside of marriage.Total fertility rate for the three long time preceding the survey end immoral number of children incessantly born to women age 40-49, by selected background characteristics, Nigeria 1990BackgroundcharacterisesNDHS NFSMean number Mean numberof children of childrenTotal ever born Total ever bornFertility to women fertility to womenRate age 15-49 rate age 15-49ResidenceUrban 5.03 6.01 5.79 4.81Rural 6.33 6.61 5.98 5.56RegionNortheast 6.53 5.75 5.95 4.34Northwest 6.64 6.21 6.38 4.49 southeasterlyeast 5.57 6.99 5.72 6,53Southwest 5.46 6.84 6.25 5.30EducationNo education 6.50 6.41 6.14 5.45Some primary 7.17 7,3 6.81 5,99Completed primary 5.57 6.54 7.59 5.71Some secondary 5.07 6.44 3.90 4.31Completed 4.18 5.82 NA NATotal 6.01 6.49 5.94 5.41Source Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 1990.Premarital sexual activity is most common among more educated women, who tend to postpone marriage the longest. In the southern regions, where educational levels are highest and the petty(a)est proportions of young women are married, 41-69% of women aged 20-24 had had premarital intercourse by age 20. This compares with only 6-14% in the North West and North East, where educational levels are lowest and marriage before 20 is most common. The in a higher place diagram compares three-year centre fertility rates as estimated by the NDHS and NFS. The two surveys, nearly a decade apart, yield intimately the same total fertility rates (5.9 for the NFS and 6.0 for the NDHS. Both surveys do indicate that the fertility of uneducated women is lambert percent higher than the fertility of the most educated women.Rea sons for increase in out of wedlock birthThree quarter of Nigerian women in the 1990s were married. Age at first marriage differed by region. In the north, women married early, at an average of 15 years of age. In the south, however, women are marrying later in life. Among younger women, the average age at first marriage is over 19 in the atomic number 34 and over 20 in the southwest. Women who marry later in life are more liable(predicate) to have premarital sex which is a clear example of out of wedlock birth. Although the society does not approve of this behaviour, in regions where women stay in school longer and are, therefore, less in all likelihood to marry at a young age, premarital sexual behaviour is common. In the Southwest, where a great proportion of women aged 19-49 have completed secondary/ higher education and about one-fourth had not married by age 20, 69% had had premarital sex by this age. In contrast, in the less developed North West region, where only one in f ive women aged 19-49 have completed secondary/higher education, only a hand full said they had had premarital sex by age 20. These findings lucubrate that in the northern regions, where most women in their early 20s have received no more than primary schooling, most sexual activity occurs within the context of marriage.In 1978-1982, Nigerias total fertility rate was 6.4 children per woman. By 1990, it had dropped to 6.0. The distribution of women by number of children ever born within the 1960s to 1980s is presented in the bow below for all women and married women. This survey was conducted by the NDHS and documented statistically. The mean number of children ever born for all women increases rapidly with age,so that by the end of her childbearing years a woman has give birth to almost seven children. The distribution of women by number of births indicates that almost one quarter of teens have already borne achild, and nearly one-third of women age 45 and over have borne nine or more children.Nationally and in all regions of the country, women aged 15-49 are having more children than he want.Source Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 1990.Rural women have about one child more than their urban counterparts (6.1 vs. 4.9), and women in the less developed northern regions also have more children than women in the south. Yet women in the South South and South East regions have the largest gaps between their wanted and actual fertility rates, while women in the North West are nearly matching their fertility goals. Overall, women living in both rural and urban areas have more children than they want.Contraception Knowledge and Use in the survey conducted by the NDHS, it indicates that less than half (46 percent) of all Nigerian women age 15-49 know of at least one regularity of family planning. This means that over half of the women reported that they did not know any method of family planning. Knowledge of methods was slightly lower among married women and hi gher among never-married. Although the level of contraceptive knowledge in Nigeria is low, there has been improvement over time. In the 1981/82 Nigerian Fertility Survey (NFS), only 34 percent of all women reported that they had heard of any method Thus, in the 10 years between the NFS and the NDHS, the level of contraceptive knowledge increased by 35 percent. there were also large increases in the proportion of women who knew and used specific methods.Contraceptive use among married and sexually active unmarried women aged 15-49Married women sexually activeUnmarried women% victimisation % using a % using % using aAn powerful traditional an effective traditional modern method modern methodMethod methodTotal 7 6 33 14RegionNorth Central 9 4 32 5North East 2 2 10 3North West 2 3 23 3South East 12 10 20 27South South 12 13 35 16South West 21 11 53 13Education7 years 16 11 38 17Source Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey, 2003.Contraceptive UseA small proportion of married women in Nigeria use a contraceptive method as seen on the above diagram. Contraceptive use in Nigeria is rare probably because of the preference for large families. In 2003, only 7% of married women aged 15-49 were using an effective modern method of contraception (implants, IUDs, the pill, the male condom, and female or male sterilization). Another 6% were relying on withdrawal, periodic abstinence, lactational amenorrhea or traditional folk methods. There are wide regional differences in overall levels of Contraceptive use Only 2% of married women in the North East and North West regions are using effective modern methods, and 2-3% is using traditional methods. In the South West, in sharp contrast, 21% of married women are using effective modern methods, and an additional 11% are using traditional methods. In the remaining three regions, 9-12% of married women are using an effective modern method. It is noteworthy that overall contraceptive use is more than three times as high among m arried women with seven or more years of education as among those with less education (27% vs. 8%).(The Alan Guttmacher Institute, 2005 series, No4).Other case of ctraceptionContraceptive use is much higher among sexually active unmarried women.In all regions of the country, probably because of widespread societal disapproval of out-of-wedlock pregnancies and births, sexually active unmarried women are more likely than married women to use a contraceptive method (47% vs. 13%-Table 2). In the South West region, 53% of sexually active unmarried women are using an effective modern method and 13% a traditional method, compared with 10% and 3%, respectively, in the North East region. And unmarried women with seven or more years of education are more than twice as likely to be practicing family planning as their less educated counterparts (55% vs. 22%). In addition, 46% of unmarried women who use contraceptives choose condoms, compared with only 15% of married users (not shown).Low alive (predicate)ness, disapproval and uncertain supply intimidate contraceptive use low.Various factors help explain the low level of contraceptive use among married Nigerian women. Foremost among these is that women generally want large families. Yet low awareness of family planning, conservative cultural attitudes and uncertain contraceptive supply are also important influences. More than 20% of women aged 15-49 have never heard of any method to prevent pregnancy, traditional or modern. The women who are most aware of contraception live in urban areas, have at least seven years of education, or listen to the radio or watch television regularly (about 90% of each group). Even if women have heard of family planning, many do not know where to obtain contraceptives Of the 78% of women who are aware of any method, only half know where they can get it. In the North East and North West regions, only 28-36% of married women and 24 28% of sexually active unmarried women who are aware of family planning know where to go for contraceptive services. A much higher proportion of aware women in the South West region know a possible source of methods-77% of married women and 82% of sexually active unmarried women.Low contraceptive use is also partly attributable to the fact that four in 10 married women disapprove of family planning. A data survey conducted by the NDHS shows the reasons for not using contraception precondition by women who do not delimit to use a method. Of the 68 percent of married nonusers who secern they do not intend to use family planning in the future, almost half say they do not intend to use because they want children (47 percent). Other reasons given are religion (12 percent), neglect of knowledge (12 percent), and fatalism (6 percent), which encompasses responses that imply that there is nothing the woman can do about the number of children shewill have. Women under age 30 are more likely to say that they do not intend to use because they want chi ldren, while those age 30 and over are more likely to cite reasons such as being menopausal or lack of knowledge.SAMPLE METHODNDHS sample method used in this project is as a result of a two-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. The computer package CLUSTERS, developed by the International Statistical Institute for the World Fertility Survey, was used to compute the sampling errors with the proper statistical methodology. The CLUSTERS treats any percentage or average as a ratio estimate, r = y/x, where y represents the total sample value for protean y, and x represents the total number of cases in the group or subgroup under consideration. The variance of r is computed using the formula given below, with the standard error being the square root of the varianceSampling errors for the NDHS are calculated for selected changeables considered to be of primaryinterest. The results are presented in this appendix for the country as a who le, for urban and rural areas, and for the four health zones Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest. For each variable, the type of statistic (mean or proportion) and the base population are given in Table B. 1. Tables B.2 to B.8 present the value of the statistic (R), its standard error (SE), the number of unweighted (N) and weighted (WN) cases, the design effect (DEFT), the relative standard error (SE/R), and the 95 percent confidence limits (RSE), for each variable. In general, the relative standard errors of most estimates for the country as a whole are small, except for estimates of very small proportions. There are some differentials in the relative standard error for the estimates of sub-populations such as geographical areas. For example, for the variable EVBORN (children ever born to women aged 15-49), the relative standard error as a percent of the estimated mean for the whole country, for urban areas and for the Southeast zone is 1.5 percent, 2.3 percent, and 2.7 percent, respectively. The confidence interval (e.g., as calculated for EVBORN) can be interpreted as weds the overall average from the national sample is 3.311 and its standard error is .051. Therefore, to obtain the 95 percent confidence limits, one adds and subtracts twice the standard error to the sample estimate, i.e., 3.311+.102. There is a high probability (95 percent) that the true average number of children ever born to all women aged 15 to 49 is between 3.209 and 3.413. 148Conclusion According to the NDHS, fertility remained high in Nigeria during the1980s. The total fertility rate whitethorn actually be higher than 6.0, due to underestimation of births. This is why out of wedlock birth has constant increased during these periods. In a 1981/82 survey, the total fertility rate was estimated to be 5.9 children per woman. One reason for the high level of fertility is that use of contraception is limited. Only 6 percent of married women soon use a contraceptive method (3.5 p ercent use a modem method, and 2.5 percent use a traditional method). Levels of fertility and contraceptive use are not likely to change until there is a drop in desired family size and until the idea of reproductive choice is more widely accepted. At present, the average ideal family size is essentially the same as the total fertility rate sextuplet children per woman. Thus, the vast majority of births are wanted. The desire for childbearing is strong in Nigeria. Half of women with five children say that they want to have another child. Another factor leading to high fertility is the early age at marriage and childbearing in Nigeria. Half of all women are married by age 17 and half have become mothers by age 20. More than a quarter of teenagers (women age 15-19 years) either are pregnant or already have children. National statistics mask dramatic variations in fertility and family planning between urban and rural areas, among different regions of the country, and by womens educati onal attainment. Women who are from urban areas or live in the South and those who are better educated want and have few children than other women and are more likely to know of and use modem contraception. For example, women in the South are likely to marry and begin childbearing several years later than women in the North. In the North, women continue to follow the traditional pattern and marry early, at a median age of 15, while in the South, women are marrying at a median age of 19 or 20.Although fertility rates are declining as modernization is increasing, Many women are still experiencing unwanted and unplanned pregnancies, with consequences ranging from interruption of schooling to health risks and economical hardship, all of which hinder efforts to improve their socioeconomic status. By educating and empowering both married and sexually active unmarried women to make informed and responsible decisions about contraceptive use and their desired fertility, the Nigerian govern ment can improve both the health and the economic productivity of its citizens.BIBLOGRAPHY REFERENCEFederal Ministry of Health Nigeria. 1988. 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